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Normans
The Normans (Norman: ''Nourmands''; (フランス語:Normands); (ラテン語:Normanni)) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to Normandy, a region in France. They were originally partly descended from Norse ("Norman" comes from "Norseman") raiders and pirates from Denmark, Iceland and Norway who, under their leader Rollo, agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Norman )〕 Through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native Frankish and Roman-Gaulish populations, their descendants would gradually merge with the Carolingian-based cultures of West Francia. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries.
The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and even the Near East.〔(Lars Brownworth, Episode I: Rollo and the Viking Age )〕 The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated.〔 They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was a great fief of medieval France, and under Richard I of Normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure.〔Eleanor Searle, ''Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840–1066'' (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1988), p. 89〕〔François Neveux. ''A Brief History of The Normans'' (Constable & Robbinson, Ltd, London, 2008), pp. 73. 74〕 The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers founded the Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II after conquering southern Italy on the Saracens and Byzantines, and an expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, led to the Norman conquest of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Norman cultural and military influence spread from these new European centres to the Crusader states of the Near East, where their prince Bohemond I founded the Principality of Antioch in the Levant, to Ireland, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, and to the coasts of north Africa and the Canary Islands.
The legacy of the Normans persists today through the regional languages and dialects of France, England, and Sicily, as well as the various cultural, judicial and political arrangements they introduced in their conquered territories, the long endurance of which contrasts with the developments in many continental areas of Europe.〔
==Etymology==
The English name "Normans" comes from the French words ''Normans''/''Normanz'', plural of ''Normant'', modern French ''normand'', which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian ''Nortmann'' "Northman"〔 or directly from Old Norse ''Norðmaðr'', Latinized variously as ''Nortmannus'', ''Normannus'', or ''Nordmannus'' (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century) to mean "Norseman, Viking".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Etymologie de Normand )〕
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