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Rollo
Rollo (c. 846 – c. 932), known as Ganger-Hrólf (or as Göngu Hrólfr in the Old Norse language),〔(Sarah Orne Jewett, The Normans, Chapter II: Dukes of Normandy: ROLF THE GANGER )〕〔(Charles Cawley, F.M.G., Chapter 1. Dukes of Normandy 911-1106 )〕〔(Frederick Lewis Weis, Ancestral Roots, Line 121E - 19 states )〕 and baptised Robert, was a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy, a region of France. Rollo came from a noble warrior family of Scandinavian origin. After making himself independent of the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair, he sailed off to Scotland, Ireland, England and Flanders on pirating expeditions, and took part in raids along France's Seine river.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rollo Duke of Normandy )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Norman )〕 Rollo won a reputation as a great leader of Viking rovers in Ireland and Scotland, and emerged as the outstanding personality among the Norsemen who had secured a permanent foothold on Frankish soil in the valley of the lower Seine.〔 Charles the Simple, the king of West Francia, ceded them lands between the mouth of the Seine and what is now the city of Rouen in exchange for Rollo agreeing to end his brigandage, and provide the Franks with his protection against further incursion by Norse war bands.〔Bates ''Normandy Before 1066'' pp. 8–10〕
Rollo is first recorded as the leader of these Viking settlers in a charter of 918, and it appears that he continued to reign over the region of Normandy until at least 927. Before his death, he gave his son, William I Longsword, governance of the Duchy of Normandy that he had founded, and after William succeeded him the offspring of Rollo and his men became known as the Normans, under leadership of Rollo's progeny, the Dukes of Normandy.〔 After the Norman's conquest of England and their conquest of southern Italy & Sicily over the following two centuries, the descendants of Rollo and his men came to rule Norman England (the House of Normandy), the Kingdom of Sicily (the Kings of Sicily) as well as the Principality of Antioch from the 10th to 12th century AD, leaving behind an enduring legacy in the historical developments of Europe and the Near East.〔(Lars Brownworth, Episode I: Rollo and the Viking Age )〕
==Origins==
Rollo was born in the latter half of the 9th century somewhere on the Atlantic side of Scandinavia. Details of his origins and parentage are obscured, though it is clear from his later status as a jarl that he belonged to a noble warrior family.〔Crouch 2002, p. 1〕 Later Norman writers, notably Dudo of Saint-Quentin, refer to Rollo as "Danish", a term then used for the inhabitants of Scandinavia (i.e. those who spoke the Danish tongue).〔Dudo of Saint-Quentin〕〔Vikings at war, Vegard Vike & Kim Hjardar〕 Dudo's 11th century work, "De moribus et actis primorum Normannorum ducum", additionally recounts a Danish nobleman at loggerheads with the king of Denmark, who had two sons, Gurim and Rollo; upon his death, Gurim was killed and Rollo was expelled. The historian D. C. Douglas calls this account "manifestly improbable in all its details", as the assertion Rollo originated in Denmark cannot be wholly trusted owing to an alliance between Robert II or Normandy and the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard at the time of Dudo's writings.〔(Douglas 1942, pp. 418-419)〕
Geoffrey Malaterra, an eleventh-century Benedictine monk and historian, wrote how: ''"Rollo sailed boldly from Norway with his fleet to the Christian coast.''"〔The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria & Sicily & of Duke Robert Guiscard his brother, Geoffery Malaterra. Translated by Graham A. Loud〕 The 12th century English historian William of Malmesbury stated that Rollo was "''born of noble lineage among the Norwegians''".〔Sharpe, Rev. J. (trans.), revised Stephenson, Rev. J. (1854) William of Malmesbury, The Kings before the Norman Conquest (Seeleys, London, reprint Llanerch, 1989), II, 127, p. 110.〕 Rollo also is mentioned in "The Life of Gruffud ap Cynan", a 12th-century history, which refers to him as the youngest of two brothers to the first king of Dublin. The 13th century Icelandic sagas, ''Heimskringla'' and ''Orkneyinga Saga'', remember him as Hrólf the Walker ("''who was so big that no horse could carry him''", hence his byname of Ganger-Hrólf〔''Orkneyinga saga'' (1981) Chapter 4 - " To Shetland and Orkney" pp. 26-27〕), but offer a contradictory account of his parentage. Both sources mention Rollo was born as Hrólfr Rognvaldsson in Møre, Western Norway, in the late 9th century as a son to the Norwegian jarl Rognvald Eysteinsson. Eysteinsson was known to be an enemy of the two brothers mentioned in ''The Life of Gruffudd ap Cynan.'' Richer of Reims, who lived in the 10th century, named Rollo's father as one Catillus, or Ketil.〔Crouch 2002, pp. 297-300〕 However, the reliability of Richer's account has been dismissed by some scholars, and Ketil is regarded by the historian D. C. Douglas as a legendary figure.〔Douglas 1942, p. 420〕
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