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A hookah (Persian: قلیان (); Hindustani: हुक़्क़ा (Devanagari) حقّہ (Nastaleeq)(), ', ''Hukić''—also known as a waterpipe, narghile, arghila, qalyān, or by other names) is a single or multi-stemmed instrument for vaporizing and smoking flavored tobacco called shisha in which the vapor or smoke is passed through a water basin—often glass-based—before inhalation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Hookah )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) an advisory note Waterpipe tobacco smoking: dangerous health effects include risk to public safety if used by multiple users, research needs and recommended actions by regulators, 2005 )〕 Health risks of smoking hookah include exposure to toxic chemicals that are not filtered out by the water〔 and risk of infectious disease when hookahs are shared. The waterpipe was either invented by an Irfan Shaikh of the Mughal Empire or originates from the time of the Safavid dynasty, from where it eventually spread to the east into India during that time.〔 The hookah or Argyleh also soon reached Egypt and the Levant during the Ottoman dynasty from neighbouring Safavid Iran, where it became very popular and where the mechanism was later perfected. The word hookah is a derivative of "huqqa", an Arabic term. Outside its native region, smoking the hookah has gained popularity in North America, South America, Europe, Australia, Southeast Asia, Tanzania, and South Africa, largely due to immigrants from the Levant, where it is especially popular, who introduce it to younger people. ==Names and etymology== ''Argilah'' or ''Argileh'' ((アラビア語:نارجيلة) but sometimes pronounced ''Argileh'' or ''Argilee'') is the name most commonly used in Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Azerbaijan, Israel, Uzbekistan and Iraq. ''Nargile'' derives from the Persian word ''nārghile'', meaning coconut, which in turn is from the Sanskrit word ''nārikela'' (), suggesting that early hookahs were hewn from coconut shells.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Nargile )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Smoke like an Egyptian—Sri Lanka )〕 In Albania, the hookah is called "lula" or "lulava". In Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Bulgaria, ''na()gile'' (на()гиле; from Persian ''nargile'') is used to refer to the pipe. ''Šiša'' (шиша) refers to the tobacco that is smoked in it. The pipes there often have one or two mouth pieces. The flavored tobacco, created by marinating cuts of tobacco in a multitude of flavored molasses, is placed above the water and covered by pierced foil with hot coals placed on top, and the smoke is drawn through cold water to cool and filter it. "Narguile" is the common word in Spain used to refer to the pipe, although "cachimba" is also used, along with "shisha" by Moroccan immigrants in Spain. ''Sheesha'' (), from the Persian word ''shīshe'' (), meaning glass, is the common term for the hookah in Egypt, Sudan and countries of the Arab Peninsula (including Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, UAE, Yemen and Saudi Arabia), and in Algeria, Morocco, Greece, Tunisia and Somalia. In Yemen, the term ''mada'a'' is also used. In Persia, hookah is called "Qalyān" (Persian:Qalyān). Persian qalyan is included in the earliest European compendium on tobacco, the ''tobacolgia'' written by Johan Neander and published in Dutch in 1622. It seems that over time water pipes acquired a Persian connotation as in eighteenth-century Egypt the most fashionable pipes were called ''Karim Khan'' after the Persian ruler of the day. This is also the name used in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. In Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, a hookah is called ''chillim''. In Pakistan the name most similar to the English hookah is used: ''huqqa'' (حقّہ).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Online Etymology Dictionary. )〕 In Maldives, hookah is called "Gudugudaa". In Philippines, hookah is called "Hitboo" and normally used in smoking flavored marijuana. The hookah pipe is also known as the "Marra pipe" in the UK, especially in the North East, where it is used for recreational purposes. The widespread use of the Indian word "hookah" in the English language is a result of the British Raj, the British dominion of India (1858–1947), when large numbers of expatriate Britons first sampled the water pipe. William Hickey, shortly after arriving in Kolkata, India, in 1775, wrote in his ''Memoirs'': ::''The most highly-dressed and splendid hookah was prepared for me. I tried it, but did not like it. As after several trials I still found it disagreeable, I with much gravity requested to know whether it was indispensably necessary that I should become a smoker, which was answered with equal gravity, "Undoubtedly it is, for you might as well be out of the world as out of the fashion. Here everybody uses a hookah, and it is impossible to get on without ...() have frequently heard men declare they would much rather be deprived of their dinner than their hookah." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「hookah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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