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Ulama
Ulama (; (アラビア語: علماء) ', singular ', "scholar", also spelled ''ulema''; female is ''alimah'' (singular) and ''uluma'' (plural)), is defined as the "those recognized as scholars or authorities" in the "religious hierarchy" of the Islamic religious sciences.〔 The guardians of legal and religious tradition in Islam. Often they are "Imams of important mosques, judges, teachers in the religious faculties of universities", or the body of Muslim Islamic scholars have been trained in the whole body of Islamic law and in other Islamic disciplines, but may also be used to include the village mullahs and imams on the lowest rungs of the ladder of Islamic scholarship.In as much they correspond most closely to the class of the Scribes or Rabbis in Judaism.〔At least one author (Sudanese Islamist Hasan al-Turabi) includes those informally trained in religion insisting that because "all knowledge is divine and religious, a chemist, an engineer, and economist, or a jurist are all ulama." (source: )〕
Most ulama specialize in ''fiqh'' (Islamic jurisprudence) (these are known as ''fuqaha'' or muftis), and are considered the arbiters of ''sharia'' law by mainstream Muslims (though the closeness of some ''ulama'' to rulers may prevent them from being universally accepted). Ulama may also include specialists in other areas such as ''muhaddith'' (concerned with the study of ''hadith'') and ''mufassir'' (concerned with ''tafsir'' of the Quran).〔
==Etymology==
Ulama is the plural of the word 'Alim' which is derived from the word 'Ilm' (knowledge). Also referred to as the pursuit of knowledge. However, the term has gained a "special meaning" beyond the plural form of ''alim'', and is commonly used to refer to that section of the Muslim community who are "considered to be intellectual and partly aristocratic."
Sources used in the development of Sharia (Islamic law) such as hadith (the specialty of ''muhaddith''), ''Ijma'', (the consensus of the ulama on a legal issue), and ''Qisas'' (Analogical reason), or for Shia ulama ''aql'' (intellect), are all the province of the ulama. At times in Muslim history the ulama have even served as an informal branch of government, countervailing the power of the ruling caliph or sultan. The term, on the other hand is no longer confined to the Arabic bounds and is now taken as a wider term. It has expanded to several meanings that way. On a wider scale, it that may refer to scientists of knowledge regardless of the religiosity attached to it.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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