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Jingoism
Jingoism is patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy.〔Catherine Soanes (ed.), ''Compact Oxford English Dictionary for University and College Students'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 546.〕 Jingoism also refers to a country's advocacy for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations, in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its national interests. Colloquially, it refers to excessive bias in judging one's own country as superior to others—an extreme type of nationalism.
The term originated in Britain, expressing a pugnacious attitude toward Russia in the 1870s, and appeared in the American press by 1893.
==Etymology==
The chorus of a song by G. H. MacDermott (singer) and G. W. Hunt (songwriter) commonly sung in British pubs and music halls around the time of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) gave birth to the term. The lyrics had the chorus:
The phrase "by Jingo" was a long-established minced oath, used to avoid saying "by Jesus". Referring to the song, the specific term "jingoism" was coined as a political label by the prominent British radical George Holyoake in a letter to the ''Daily News'' on 13 March 1878.〔Martin Ceadel, ''Semi-detached Idealists: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854–1945'' (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 105.〕
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