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bias
Bias is an inclination or outlook to present or hold a partial perspective, often accompanied by a refusal to consider the possible merits of alternative points of view. Biases are learned implicitly within cultural contexts. People may develop biases toward or against an individual, an ethnic group, a nation, a religion, a social class, a political party, theoretical paradigms and ideologies within academic domains, or a species. Biased means one-sided, lacking a neutral viewpoint, or not having an open mind. Bias can come in many forms and is often considered to be synonymous with prejudice or bigotry.〔"bias ...; prejudice", The New Merriam–Webster Dictionary, ISBN 0877799008〕
==Cognitive biases==
A cognitive bias is a repeating or basic misstep in thinking, assessing, recollecting, or other cognitive processes. That is, a pattern of deviation from standards in judgment, whereby inferences may be created unreasonably. People create their own "subjective social reality" from their own perceptions, their view of the world may dictate their behaviour. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality.〔Baron, J. (2007). ''Thinking and Deciding'' (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.〕〔Ariely, D. (2008). ''Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions''. New York, NY: HarperCollins.〕 However some cognitive biases are taken to be adaptive, and thus may lead to success in the appropriate situation.〔For instance: 〕 Furthermore, cognitive biases may allow speedier choices when speed is more valuable than precision. Other cognitive biases are a "by-product" of human processing limitations, coming about because of an absence of appropriate mental mechanisms, or just from human limitations in information processing.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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