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Signified and signifier
The terms signified and signifier are most commonly related to semiotics, which is defined by Oxford Dictionaries Online as "the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation". 〔(【引用サイトリンク】Oxforddictionaries.com">title=definition of semiotics )〕 Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist, was one of the two founders of Semiotics. His book, ''Course in General Linguistics'' "is considered to be one of the most influential books published in the twentieth century".〔Berger, 2013, p.1.〕 Saussure explained that a sign was not only a sound-image but also a concept. Thus he divided the sign into two components: the signifier (or “sound-image”) and the signified (or “concept”).〔Berger, 2012, p.2.〕 For Saussure, the signified and signifier were purely psychological; they were form rather than substance. Today, the signifier is interpreted as the material form (something which can be seen, heard, touched, smelled or tasted) and the signified as the mental concept.〔Chandler, 2002, pp.18-19.〕
==History==
The concept of signs has been around for a long time, having been studied by many philosophers who include Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, and others from the medieval period such as William of Ockham. The term “Semiotics” "comes from the Greek root, seme, as in semeiotikos, an interpreter of signs".〔Cobley & Jansz, 1997, p.4.〕 It wasn't until the 20th century however, that Saussure and American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce brought the term into awareness. While both Saussure and Peirce contributed greatly to the concept of signs, it is important to note that each differed in their approach to the study, and it was Saussure who created the terms signifier and signified in order to break down what a sign was.
Succeeding these founders were numerous philosophers and linguists who defined themselves as semioticians. These semioticians have each brought their own concerns to the study of signs. Umberto Eco (1976), a distinguished Italian semiotician, came to the conclusion that "if signs can be used to tell the truth, they can also be used to lie".〔Berger, 2012, p.14.〕 Postmodernist social theorist Jean Baudrillard spoke of hyperreality, which referred to a copy becoming more real than reality. In other words, how the signifier becomes more important than the signified. Then French semiotician Roland Barthes used signs to explain the concept of connotation – cultural meanings attached to words - and denotation – literal or explicit meanings of words.〔Berger, 2012.〕 Without Saussure's breakdown of signs into signified and signifier however, these semioticians would not have had anything to base their concepts on.
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