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jasper
Jasper, an aggregate of microquartz and/or chalcedony and other mineral phases,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=U.S. Geological Survey, Chalcedony Site )〕〔Kostov, R. I. 2010. Review on the mineralogical systematics of jasper and related rocks. – Archaeometry Workshop, 7, 3, 209-213. (PDF ) 〕 is an opaque,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jasper )〕 impure variety of silica, usually red, yellow, brown or green in color; and rarely blue. The common red color is due to iron(III) inclusions. The mineral aggregate breaks with a smooth surface and is used for ornamentation or as a gemstone. It can be highly polished and is used for vases, seals, and snuff boxes. The specific gravity of jasper is typically 2.5 to 2.9. Along with heliotrope (bloodstone), jasper (green with red spots) is one of the traditional birthstones for March. Jaspilite is a banded iron formation rock that often has distinctive bands of jasper.
==Etymology and history==
The name means "spotted or speckled stone", and is derived via Old French ''jaspre'' (variant of Anglo-Norman ''jaspe'') and Latin ''iaspidem'' (nom. ''iaspis'')) from Greek ἴασπις ''iaspis'', (feminine noun)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Strong's G2393-iaspis )〕 from an oriental language (cf. Hebrew יושפה ''yushphah'', Akkadian ''yashupu'').〔("Jasper" ) at etymonline.com〕
Green jasper was used to make bow drills in Mehrgarh between 4th and 5th millennium BC. Jasper is known to have been a favorite gem in the ancient world; its name can be traced back in Arabic, Persian, Hebrew, Assyrian, Greek and Latin.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=International Colored Gemstone Association )〕 On Minoan Crete, jasper was carved to produce seals circa 1800 BC, as evidenced by archaeological recoveries at the palace of Knossos.
Although the term jasper is now restricted to opaque quartz, the ancient ''iaspis'' was a stone of considerable translucency including nephrite.〔 The jasper of antiquity was in many cases distinctly green, for it is often compared to the emerald and other green objects. Jasper is referred to in the ''Nibelungenlied'' as being clear and green. Probably the jasper of the ancients included stones which would now be classed as chalcedony, and the emerald-like jasper may have been akin to the modern chrysoprase. The Hebrew word ''yushphah'' may have designated a green jasper. Flinders Petrie suggested that the ''odem'', the first stone on the High Priest's breastplate, was a red jasper, whilst ''tarshish'', the tenth stone, may have been a yellow jasper.〔''Hastings's Dict. Bible'', 1902, as cited in 1911 ''Britannica''.〕
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