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Xenocrates (; (ギリシア語:Ξενοκράτης); c. 396/5 – 314/3 BC〔Tiziano Dorandi, ''Chapter 2: Chronology'', in Algra et al. (1999) ''The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy'', page 48. Cambridge.〕) of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and leader (scholarch) of the Platonic Academy from 339/8 to 314/3 BC. His teachings followed those of Plato, which he attempted to define more closely, often with mathematical elements. He distinguished three forms of being, the sensible, the intelligible, and a third compounded of the two, to which correspond respectively, sense, intellect and opinion. Unity and duality he considered to be gods which rule the universe, and the soul is a self-moving number. God pervades all things, and there are daemonical powers, intermediate between the divine and the mortal, which consist in conditions of the soul. He held that mathematical objects and the Platonic Ideas are identical, unlike Plato who distinguished them. In Ethics, he taught that virtue produces happiness, but that external goods can minister to it and enable it to effect its purpose. ==Life== Xenocrates was a native of Chalcedon.〔Cicero, ''Academica'', i. 4; Athenaeus, xii.; Stobaeus, Ecl. Phys. i. 3; Suda, ''Xenocrates''〕 By the most probable calculation〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 14; comp. Censorinus, c. 15〕 he was born 396/5 BC, and died 314/3 BC at the age of 82. Moving to Athens in early youth, he became the pupil of Aeschines Socraticus,〔Athenaeus, ix〕 but subsequently joined himself to Plato,〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 6〕 whom he accompanied to Sicily in 361.〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 6, etc.〕 Upon his master's death, he paid a visit with Aristotle to Hermias of Atarneus.〔Strabo, xii.〕 In 339/8 BC, Xenocrates succeeded Speusippus in the presidency of the school,〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 14, comp. 3.〕 defeating his competitors Menedemus of Pyrrha and Heraclides Ponticus by a few votes. On three occasions he was member of an Athenian legation, once to Philip, twice to Antipater.〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 8, 9〕 Xenocrates resented the Macedonian influence then dominant at Athens. Soon after the death of Demosthenes (c. 322 BC), he declined the citizenship offered to him at the instance of Phocion as a reward for his services in negotiating peace with Antipater after Athens' unsuccessful rebellion. The settlement was reached "at the price of a constitutional change: thousands of poor Athenians were disenfranchised," and Xenocrates said "that he did not want to become a citizen within a constitution he had struggled to prevent."〔Christian Habicht, ''Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers'', David Magie Lecture, Princeton University Program in the History, Archaeology, and Religions of the Ancient World, 1988, p. 14, citing Plutarch ''Phoc.'' 29.6, (''Index Academicorum'' p. 42 ), and Whitehead, "Xenocrates the Metic," ''Rheinisches Museum'' 124 (1981), pp. 238-241.〕 Being unable to pay the tax levied upon resident aliens, he is said to have been saved only by the courage of the orator Lycurgus,〔Plutarch, ''Flamin.'' c. 12, ''X. Orat. Vitae,'' 7; but compare Phocion, c. 29〕 or even to have been bought by Demetrius Phalereus, and then emancipated.〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 14.〕 In 314/3, he died from hitting his head, after tripping over a bronze pot in his house.〔 Xenocrates was succeeded as scholarch by Polemon, whom he had reclaimed from a life of profligacy. Besides Polemon, the statesman Phocion, Chaeron (tyrant of Pellene), the academic Crantor, the Stoic Zeno and Epicurus are said to have frequented his lectures. Wanting in quickness of apprehension and natural grace〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 6; Plutarch, ''Conj. Praec.''〕 he compensated by persevering and thorough-going industry,〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 6, 11; comp. Plutarch, ''de recta Rat.''〕 pure benevolence,〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 10; Aelian, ''Varis Historia'', xiii. 3〕 purity of morals,〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 7; Plutarch, ''Comp. Cimon. c. Lucullo'', c. 1; Cicero, ''de Officiis'', i. 30; Valerius Maximus, ii. 10〕 unselfishness,〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 8, etc.; Cicero, ''Tusculanae Quaestiones'', v. 32〕 and a moral earnestness, which compelled esteem and trust even from the Athenians of his own age.〔Diogenes Laërtius, iv. 7; Cicero, ''ad Atticus'', i. 15; Plutarch, ''de Adulat. et Amic. discr.''〕 Xenocrates adhered closely to the Platonist doctrine, and he is accounted the typical representative of the Old Academy. In his writings, which were numerous, he seems to have covered nearly the whole of the Academic program; but metaphysics and ethics were the subjects which principally engaged his thoughts. He is said to have made more explicit the division of philosophy into the three parts of Physics, Dialectic and Ethics. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Xenocrates」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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