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Tekfur
''Tekfur'' was a title used in the late Seljuk and early Ottoman periods to refer to independent or semi-independent minor Christian rulers or local Byzantine governors in Asia Minor and Thrace.
== Origin and meaning ==
The origin of the title is uncertain. It has been suggested that it derives from the Byzantine imperial name ''Nikephoros'', via Arabic ''Nikfor'', but the more commonly accepted theory holds that it derives from Armenian ''taghavor'', "crown-bearer". The term and its variants (''tekvur'', ''tekur'', ''tekir'', etc.) began to be used by historians writing in Persian or Turkish in the 13th century, to refer to "denote Byzantine lords or governors of towns and fortresses in Anatolia (Bithynia, Pontus) and Thrace. It often denoted Byzantine frontier warfare leaders, commanders of ''akritai'', but also Byzantine princes and emperors themselves" (A. Savvides), the latter use giving rise to ''Tekfur Sarayı '', the Turkish name of the Palace of the Porphyrogenitus in Constantinople (mod. Istanbul).
Thus Ibn Bibi refers to the Armenian kings of Cilicia as ''tekvur'', while both he and the ''Dede Korkud'' epic refer to the rulers of the Empire of Trebizond as "''tekvur'' of Djanit". In the early Ottoman period, the term was used for both the Byzantine governors of fortresses and towns, with whom the Turks fought during the Ottoman expansion in northwestern Anatolia and in Thrace, but also for the Byzantine emperors themselves, interchangeably with ''malik'' ("king") and more rarely, ''fasiliyus'' (a rendering of the Byzantine title ''basileus''). Hasan Çolak suggests that this use was at least in part a deliberate choice to reflect current political realities and Byzantium's decline, which between 1371–94 and again between 1424 and the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 made the rump Byzantine state a tributary vassal to the Ottomans. The 15th-century Ottoman historian Enveri somewhat uniquely uses the term ''tekfur'' also for the Frankish rulers of southern Greece and the Aegean islands.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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