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Shah (Šâh) (; (ペルシア語:شاه), (:ʃɒːh), "king") is a title given to the emperors/kings and lords of Iran (historically also known as Persia). It was also adopted by the kings of Shirvan (a historical Iranian region in Transcaucasia) namely the Shirvanshahs, the rulers and offspring of the Ottoman Empire (''termed there as Şeh''), the Bengal Sultanate,〔https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA11&dq=delhi+sultanate+bengal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwA2oVChMI1LP_3YOWyQIVghiOCh0l5g6V#v=onepage&q=delhi%20sultanate%20bengal&f=false〕 as well as in Georgia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. In Iran (Persia and Greater Persia) the title was continuously used; rather than King in the European sense, each Persian ruler regarded himself as the Šâhanšâh (King of Kings) or Emperor of the Persian Empire. Mughal rulers of the Indian subcontinent also used the title of Shah. The word descends from Old Persian ''Xšâyathiya'' "king", which (for reasons of historical phonology) must be a borrowing from Median,〔(An introduction to Old Persian ) (p. 149). Prods Oktor Skjærvø. Harvard University. 2003.〕 and is derived from the same root as Avestan ''xšaΘra-'', "power" and "command", corresponding to Sanskrit (Old Indic) ''kṣatra-'' (same meaning), from which ''kṣatriya-'', "warrior", is derived. The full, Old Persian title of the Achaemenid rulers of the First Persian Empire was ''Xšâyathiya Xšâyathiyânâm ''or Šâhe Šâhân, "King of Kings"〔Old Persian. Appendices, Glossaries, Indices & Transcriptions. Prods Oktor Skjærvø. Harvard University. 2003.〕 or "Emperor". This name is commonly confused with Indian surname ''Shah'', which is derived from the Sanskrit ''Sadhu/Sahu'' (meaning gentleman 〔Shakespear, John. A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English, Nepali and Hindustani. 3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834, p.1035〕). ==History== ''Šâh'', or ''Shāhanshāh'' (King of Kings) to use the full-length term, was the title of the Persian emperors. It includes rulers of the first Persian Empire, the Achaemenid dynasty, who unified Persia and created a vast intercontinental empire, as well as rulers of succeeding dynasties throughout history until the twentieth century and the Imperial House of Pahlavi. The title was also extensively used by the sultans of the Ottoman Empire in combination with other words, as well as by the emperors of the Indian subcontinent, including those of the Mughal Empire, as they adopted Persian as their official language since it had been introduced into the region by Persianised Turko-Afghan dynasties centuries earlier. For instance, the third Mughal emperor, Akbar the Great (1542–1605), was formally known as "Shahanshah Akbar-e-Azam". While the Ottoman Sultans never styled themselves as ''Shah'', but rather Sultan, their male offspring received the title of ''Şehzade'', which literally means ''offspring of the Shah''. The full title of the Achaemenid rulers was ''XšāyaΘiya XšāyaΘiyānām'', literally "King of Kings" in Old Persian, corresponding to Middle Persian ''Šāhān Šāh'', and Modern Persian شاهنشاه (''Shāhanshāh'').〔D. N. MacKenzie. ''A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary''. Routledge Curzon, 2005. ISBN 0-19-713559-5〕〔M. Mo’in. ''An Intermediate Persian Dictionary. Six Volumes''. Amir Kabir Publications, Teheran, 1992.〕 In Greek, this phrase was translated as βασιλεὺς τῶν βασιλέων (''basileus tōn basiléōn''), "King of Kings", equivalent to "Emperor". Both terms were often shortened to their roots ''shah'' and ''basileus'', which later resulted in confusion over the nature of the title due to the adoption of ''basileus'' by the Byzantine emperors as an explicitly imperial title equivalent to the various titles of their Roman predecessors; the resultant semantic drift caused ''basileus tōn basiléōn'' to now mean "Emperor of Emperors", a fantastical title never used in Persian history, or indeed anywhere else. In Western languages, ''Shah'' is often used as an imprecise rendering of ''Shāhanshāh''. The term was first recorded in English in 1564 as a title for the King of Persia and with the spelling "Shaw". For a long time, Europeans thought of ''Shah'' as a particular royal title rather than an imperial one, although the monarchs of Persia regarded themselves as emperors of the Persian Empire (later the Empire of Iran). The European opinion changed in the Napoleonic era, when Persia was an ally of the Western powers eager to make the Ottoman Sultan release his hold on various (mainly Christian) European parts of the Ottoman Empire, and western (Christian) emperors had obtained the Ottoman acknowledgement that their western imperial styles were to be rendered in Turkish as ''padishah''. In the twentieth century, the Shah of Persia, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, officially adopted the title شاهنشاه ''Shâhanshâh'' and, in western languages, the rendering ''Emperor''. He also styled his wife شهبانو ''Shahbânu'' (''Empress''). Iran no longer had a shah after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shah」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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