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Periculoso
Periculoso (named for its Latin incipit,〔Evangelisti, 2007, p. 45.〕 meaning ''dangerous'') was a papal decretal of Pope Boniface VIII issued in 1298, that required the claustration of Catholic nuns.〔 It is often incorrectly referred to as a papal bull.〔Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. 2000, Winter. "Review of ''Canon Law and Cloistered Women: Periculoso and Its Commentators, 1298-1545''". ''Sixteenth Century Journal'' 31(4): 1134-1136.〕
==Canonical status==
''Periculoso'' was later incorporated into the ''Liber Sextus'', a compilation of papal legislation.〔 Many of the specific requirements of ''Periculoso'' were often disobeyed in practice, and "Councils and bishops struggled manfully to put into force" its teachings for the next three centuries.〔Power, 1988, p. 345.〕 The decretal was first confirmed in 1309 by the encyclical ''Apostolicae sedis'' of Pope Clement V.〔Bornstein et al., 1996, p. 67.〕 Three 16th century papal bulls were also promulgated to reinforce the basic principles of ''Periculoso'': ''Circa pastoralis'' (1566) and ''Decori et honestati'' (1570) of Pope Pius V and ''Deo sacris'' (1572) of Pope Gregory XIII.〔 The Council of Trent (1563) in its final session reiterated the commandments of the decretal and added new and stiff sanctions for violators.〔Rapley, 2001, p. 113.〕 By the time of the Council, the decretals dictates had largely become synonymous with traditional conceptions of nunhood; for example, the Council referred to enclosure as the "primary obligation for nuns".〔
Some contemporary commentators regarded the regulations of ''Periculoso'' as either repetitive with or derivative of existing monastic vows; others considered it far stricter than the prevailing social contract between nuns and the ecclesiastical hierarchy at the time.〔Hills, 2003, p. 147.〕〔Makowski, 1997, pp. 51, 80-81.〕
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