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===================================== 〔語彙分解〕的な部分一致の検索結果は以下の通りです。 ・ 地 ： [ち] 1. (n,n-suf) earth ・ 地球 ： [ちきゅう] 1. (n,adj-no) the earth ・ 球 ： [たま, きゅう] 【名詞】 1. globe 2. sphere 3. ball ・ 平 ： [たいら, ひら] 【名詞】 1. the broad 2. the flat 3. palm ・ 平面 ： [へいめん] 【名詞】 1. level surface 2. plane ・ 面 ： [めん] 1. (n,n-suf) face 2. mug 3. surface 4. facial features 5. mask 6. face guard 7. side or facet 8. corner 9. page ・ 説 ： [せつ] 1. (n,n-suf) theory
地球平面説(ちきゅうへいめんせつ)とは地球の形状が平面状・円盤状であるという過去の宇宙論。古代の多くの文化で地球平面説がとられており、そのなかには古典期に入るまでのギリシア、ヘレニズム期に入るまでの青銅器時代～鉄器時代の近東、グプタ朝期に入るまでのインド、17世紀に入るまでの中国がある。地球平面説は典型的にはアメリカ先住民の文化でも受容されており、逆さにした鉢のような形状の天蓋がかぶさった平面状の大地という宇宙論は科学以前の社会では一般的である〔"Their cosmography as far as we know anything about it was practically of one type up til the time of the white man's arrival upon the scene. That of the Borneo Dayaks may furnish us with some idea of it. 'They consider the Earth to be a flat surface, whilst the heavens are a dome, a kind of glass shade which covers the Earth and comes in contact with it at the horizon.'" Lucien Levy-Bruhl, ''Primitive Mentality'' (repr. Boston: Beacon, 1966) 353; "The usual primitive conception of the world's form ... flat and round below and surmounted above by a solid firmament in the shape of an inverted bowl." H. B. Alexander, ''The Mythology of All Races'' 10: North American (repr. New York: Cooper Square, 1964) 249.〕。 地球球体説というパラダイムはピュタゴラス（紀元前6世紀）によって生み出されてギリシア天文学において発展したが、ソクラテス以前の哲学者はほとんどが地球平面説を維持していた。紀元前330年頃にアリストテレスが経験的見地から地球球体説を採用し、それ以降ヘレニズム時代以降まで地球球体説が徐々に広がり始めた〔Continuation of Greek concept into Roman and medieval Christian thought: Reinhard Krüger: ''Materialien und Dokumente zur mittelalterlichen Erdkugeltheorie von der Spätantike bis zur Kolumbusfahrt (1492) ''〕〔Direct adoption of the Greek concept by Islam: Ragep, F. Jamil: "Astronomy", in: Krämer, Gudrun (ed.) et al.: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', THREE, Brill 2010, without page numbers〕〔Direct adoption by India: D. Pingree: "History of Mathematical Astronomy in India", ''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'', Vol. 15 (1978), pp. 533−633 (554f.); Glick, Thomas F., Livesey, Steven John, Wallis, Faith (eds.): "Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, New York 2005, ISBN 0-415-96930-1, p. 463〕〔Adoption by China via European science: Jean-Claude Martzloff, "Space and Time in Chinese Texts of Astronomy and of Mathematical Astronomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries" , ''Chinese Science'' 11 (1993-94): 66-92 (69) and Christopher Cullen, "A Chinese Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮 南 子", ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', Vol. 39, No. 1 (1976), pp. 106-127 (107)〕。 コロンブスの時代のヨーロッパでは教養人も地球平面説を信じており、コロンブスの航海によってそれが反証された、という近代に生まれた誤解は地球平面説神話と呼ばれてきた。1945年に（イギリスの）歴史学協会で作成された歴史に関するよくある誤りのリストの20項目中2番目にこの誤解が掲載された〔, pp.4–5. The Historical Association published a second list of 17 other common errors in 1947.〕。 ==歴史的発展== === 古代近東 === ユダヤ人の地球平面説は聖書の書かれた時代からその後にかけて形成された〔Like the Midrash and the Talmud, the Targum does not think of a globe of the spherical earth, around which the sun revolves in 24 hours, but of a flat disk of the earth, above which the sun completes its semicircle in an average of 12 hours. (The Distribution of Land and Sea on the Earth's Surface According to Hebrew Sources, Solomon Gandz, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol. 22 (1953), pp. 23-53, published by American Academy for Jewish Research.〕〔The Egyptian universe was substantially similar to the Babylonian universe; it was pictured as a rectangular box with a north-south orientation and with a slightly concave surface, with Egypt in the center. A good idea of the similarly primitive state of Hebrew astronomy can be gained from Biblical writings, such as the Genesis creation story and the various Psalms that extol the firmament, the stars, the sun, and the earth. The Hebrews saw the earth as an almost flat surface consisting of a solid and a liquid part, and the sky as the realm of light in which heavenly bodies move. The earth rested on cornerstones and could not be moved except by Jehovah (as in an earthquake). According to the Hebrews, the sun and the moon were only a short distance from one another. - How to cite this article: MLA (Modern Language Association) style: "Cosmology." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2012. Author: Giorgio Abetti, Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri-Firenze.〕〔The picture of the universe in Talmudic texts has the Earth in the center of creation with heaven as a hemisphere spread over it. The Earth is usually described as a disk encircled by water. Interestingly, cosmological and metaphysical speculations were not to be cultivated in public nor were they to be committed to writing. Rather, they were considered to be "secrets of the Torah not to be passed on to all and sundry" (Ketubot 112a). While study of God's creation was not prohibited, speculations about "what is above, what is beneath, what is before, and what is after" (Mishnah Hagigah: 2) were restricted to the intellectual elite. (Topic Overview: Judaism, Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Ed. J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. p477-483. Hava Tirosh-Samuelson).〕 古代エジプト人〔H. and H. A. Frankfort, J. A. Wilson, and T. Jacobsen, Before Philosophy (Baltimore: Penguin, 1949) 54.〕およびメソポタミア人は世界が大海に浮かぶ平らな円盤として表せると考えていた。同様のモデルは紀元前8世紀のホメーロスによる「オケアノス、大地の円状の周囲を取り囲む水を人化した者、は全生命の、そしてもしかしたら全ての神々の父である〔 〕」という説明にも見出される。聖書に記述される大地も水に浮かぶ平らな円盤である。 ピラミッドや棺に刻まれた文書から、古代エジプト人はヌン（大洋）が円状の身体をもってンブウト（「乾いた島々」あるいは「島々」を意味する言葉）を取り囲んでいると信じていたことがわかっており、それゆえに同じく古代の近東でも水に囲われた平面状の大地という宇宙論が信じられていた〔''Pyramid Texts'', Utterance 366, 629a-629c: "Behold, thou art great and round like the Great Round; Behold, thou are bent around, and art round like the Circle which encircles the nbwt; Behold, thou art round and great like the Great Circle which sets."''(Faulkner 1969, 120)''〕〔''Ancient Near Eastern Texts'', Pritchard, 1969, p.374.〕〔''Coffin Texts'', Spell 714.〕。 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「地球平面説」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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