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: A riza (Russian: риза, "robe") or oklad (оклад, "covered"), sometimes called a "revetment" in English,〔(Colin Harrison, Catherine Casley, Jon Whiteley, ''The Ashmolean Museum: complete illustrated catalogue of paintings'' ), Oxford: University of Oxford, 2004, accessed 21 September 2009. See St. Nicolas icon〕 is a metal cover protecting an icon. It is usually made of gilt or silvered metal with repoussé work and is pierced to expose elements of the underlying painting. It is sometimes enameled, filigreed, or set with artificial, semi-precious or even precious stones and pearls. Although the practice of using ''rizas'' originated in Byzantine art, the Russian term is often applied to Greek icons; in Greek the term is ''επένδυση'' ("coating"). Icons are described as ''επάργυρες'' or ''επίχρυσες'': silver-covered and gold-covered, respectively. The purpose of a ''riza'' is to honour and venerate an icon, and ultimately the figure depicted on it, such as Christ or a saint. Because candles and lampadas (oil lamps) are burned in front of icons, and incense is used during services, icons can become darkened over time. The ''riza'' helps protect the icon. A ''riza'' is designed specifically for the icon it is to cover. It leaves open spaces where the face, hands, and feet of the icon's subject can be seen. The haloes on ''rizas'' are often more elaborate than on the original icons. ''Rizas'' for icons of the ''Theotokos'' (Mother of God) often have a crown on them. The robes worn by the subjects often are adorned with pearls or jewels. Usually a ''riza'' covers the entire surface of the icon except for the face and hands. Especially in older examples, the riza may cover only the halo of the subject and is then called a ''venets''. Sometimes the ''riza'' includes a stylized ''torc'' or ''gorget'' (neck ring), called a ''tsata'' in Russian. Some icons, especially late Byzantine ones, were designed with a ''riza'' from their first painting. Only the areas not covered by the ''riza'' were painted.〔See the example at bottom right in the Ashmolean Museum catalogue link below〕 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「riza」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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