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palatine
A palatine or palatinus (in Latin; plural ''palatini''; cf. derivative spellings below) is a high-level official attached to imperial or royal courts in Europe since Roman times.〔("Palatine" ). From the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Retrieved November 19, 2008.〕 The term ''palatinus'' was first used in Ancient Rome for chamberlains of the Emperor due to their association with the Palatine Hill.〔"palatine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.〕 The imperial palace guard, after the rise of Constantine I, were also called the ''Scholae Palatinae'' for the same reason. In the Early Middle Ages the title became attached to courts beyond the imperial one; the highest level of officials in the Roman Catholic Church were called the ''judices palatini''. Later the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties had counts palatine, as did the Holy Roman Empire. Related titles were used in Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, the German Empire, and the Duchy of Burgundy, while England, Ireland, and parts of British North America referred to rulers of counties palatine as ''palatines''.〔
==Derivative terms==
The different spellings originate from the different languages that used the title throughout the ages (a phenomenon called lenition). The word "palatine" evolved from the Latin word ''palatinus'', asserting a connection to the Palatine Hill, where the house of the Roman emperor was situated since Augustus (hence "palace").〔Brockhaus Encyclopedia, Mannheim 2004, ''paladin''〕 The meaning of the term hardly changed, since Latin was the dominant language in medieval writing. But its spelling slightly changed in European languages: Latin ''palatinus'', plural ''palatini'' was still an office in Merovingian times, today referred to as the Count Palatine. The word became in French ''palaisin'', and with the Norman dynasty entered the English language as ''palatine''. The word paladin, referring to one of the legendary Twelve Peers of Charlemagne in the Matter of France, is also related.〔("Paladin" ). From the ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Retrieved November 19, 2008.〕
The word ''palatinus'' and its derivatives also translate the titles of certain great functionaries in eastern Europe, such as the Slavic voivode, a military governor of a province. In Poland the title of ''Palatyn'' (''Comes Palatinus'') has merged with that of ''Wojewoda'' (''Dux Exercituum'').
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