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overgrazing
Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods. It can be caused by either livestock in poorly managed agricultural applications, game reserves, or nature reserves. It can also be cause by immobile, travel restricted populations of native or non-native wild animals.
It reduces the usefulness, productivity, and biodiversity of the land and is one cause of desertification and erosion. Overgrazing is also seen as a cause of the spread of invasive species of non-native plants and of weeds. It is not cause by nomadic grazers in huge populations of travel herds, i. e. the American bison of the Great Plains, or migratory Wildebeests of the African savannas,〔In balance with, and accompanied by, prides of keystone predators.〕 nor by holistic planned grazing.〔("Holistic Land Management: Key to Global Stability" ) by Terry Waghorn. Forbes. 20 December 2012.〕
==Preventing overgrazing==
Sustainable grassland production is based on grass and grassland management, land management, animal management and livestock marketing. Grazing management, with sustainable agriculture and agroecology practices, is the foundation of grassland-based livestock production since it affects both animal and plant health and productivity. There are several new grazing models and management systems that attempt to reduce or eliminate overgrazing like Holistic management and Permaculture〔(West Virginia University Extension Service ) Overgrazing Can Hurt Environment, Your Pocketbook Ed Rayburn. 2000.〕〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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