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An ''oikos'' (ancient Greek: , plural: ; English prefix: eco- for ecology and economics) is the ancient Greek equivalent of a household, house, or family. The term ''oikos'' can be confusing, as it refers to three related but distinct concepts: the family, the family's property, and the house, and its meaning shifts even within texts. An ''oikos'' was the basic unit of society in most Greek city-states. In normal Attic usage the ''oikos'', in the context of families, referred to a line of descent from father to son from generation to generation. Alternatively, as Aristotle used it in his ''Politics'', the term might refer to everybody living in a given house: the head of the ''oikos'', along with his immediate family and his slaves. Large ''oikoi'' also had farms that were usually tended by the slaves, which were also the basic agricultural unit of the ancient economy. ==Layout== Traditional interpretations of the layout of the ''oikos'' in Classical Athens have divided into men's and women's spaces, with an area known as the ''gynaikon'' or ''gynaikonitis'', associated with women's activities such as cooking and textiles work, and an area restricted to men called the ''andron''. In Lysias' speech ''On the Murder of Eratosthenes'', the women's rooms were said to be situated above the men's quarters,〔Lysias, I.9〕 while in Xenophon the women's and men's quarters are next to one another.〔Xenophon, ''Oeconomus'', ix.5〕 More recent scholarship from historians such as Lisa Nevett and Lin Foxhall has argued for a more flexible approach to household space, with rooms not simply having a single fixed function, and gendering of space not being as simple as some rooms being for men and others for women. It has been argued that instead of dividing the household space into "male" and "female" areas, it is more accurate to look at areas as being private, and restricted to the family, or public, for visitors but not for the women of the household. In the classical period, houses excavated from Olynthos were "invariably" organised around a colonnaded courtyard. Likewise, of the houses excavated at Halieis in the Argolid, most of the houses seem to have had a single entrance which gave access to a court, and Nevett also cites three buildings excavated on Thasos as being similarly arranged around a courtyard. In Olynthos and Halieis, street plans in the classical city were rectilinear, and thus houses were of regular shapes and sizes. By contrast, in Athens houses appear to have varied much more in size and shape. Only a minority of the houses had evidence of staircases survive, demonstrating that they definitely had upper storeys, while for the remainder of Olynthian houses the evidence is inconclusive. ''On the Murder of Erastothenes'' demonstrates that at least some Athenian houses also had an upper storey. Entranceways at Olynthos were designed for privacy, preventing passers-by from seeing inside the house. Historians have identified a "hearth-room" in ancient Greek houses as a centre of female activity. However, Lin Foxhall has argued that Greek houses often had no permanent kitchens. For example, a house in Attica known as the Vari House had multiple possible places which may have been used for cooking, but no fixed fireplace, and no one place was used for the entire lifetime of the house.〔 Lisa Nevett points out that houses frequently had a "complex pattern of spatial usage", with rooms being used for multiple purposes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「oikos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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