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In the context of human society, a family (from (ラテン語:familia)) is a group of people affiliated by consanguinity (by recognized birth), affinity (by marriage), or co-residence (as implied by the etymology of the English word "family"〔 () from Latin ''familia'' 'family servants, domestics collectively, the servants in a household,' thus also 'members of a household, the estate, property; the household, including relatives and servants,' abstract noun formed from ''famulus'' 'servant, slave ()' . 〕) and/or shared consumption (see nurture kinship). Members of the immediate family includes spouses, parents, brothers, sisters, sons and/or daughters. Members of the extended family may include grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces and/or siblings-in-law. In most societies, the family is the principal institution for the socialization of children. As the basic unit for raising children, anthropologists generally classify most family organization as matrifocal (a mother and her children); conjugal (a husband, his wife, and children; also called the nuclear family); avuncular (for example, a grandparent, a brother, his sister, and her children); or extended (parents and children co-reside with other members of one parent's family). Sexual relations among the members are regulated by rules concerning incest such as the incest taboo. The word "family" is used metaphorically to create more inclusive categories such as community, nationhood, global village and humanism. The field of genealogy aims to trace family lineages through history. Family is also an important economic unit studied in family economics. ==Social reproduction== One of the primary functions of the family involves providing a framework for the production and reproduction of persons, biologically and/or socially. This can occur through the sharing of material substances (such as food); the giving and receiving of care and nurture (nurture kinship); jural rights and obligations; and moral and sentimental ties.〔Schneider, David 1984 ''A Critique of the Study of Kinship''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 182〕〔Deleuze-Guattari (1972). Part 2, ch. 3, p. 80〕 Thus, one's experience of one's family shifts over time. From the perspective of children, the family is a "family of orientation": the family serves to locate children socially and plays a major role in their enculturation and socialization.〔Russon, John, (2003) ''Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis, and the Elements of Everyday Life'', Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 61–68.〕 From the point of view of the parent(s), the family is a "family of procreation," the goal of which is to produce and enculturate and socialize children.〔George Peter Murdoch ''Social Structure'' p. 13〕 However, producing children is not the only function of the family; in societies with a sexual division of labor, marriage, and the resulting relationship between two people, it is necessary for the formation of an economically productive household.〔Wolf, Eric. 1982 ''Europe and the People Without History''. Berkeley: University of California Press. 92〕〔Harner, Michael 1975 "Scarcity, the Factors of Production, and Social Evolution," in ''Population, Ecology, and Social Evolution'', Steven Polgar, ed. Mouton Publishers: the Hague.〕〔Rivière, Peter 1987 "Of Women, Men, and Manioc", ''Etnologiska Studier'' (38).〕 Christopher Harris notes that the western conception of family is ambiguous, and confused with the household, as revealed in the different contexts in which the word is used: "We have seen that people can refer to their relatives as 'the family.' 'All the family turned up for the funeral.... But of course, my brother didn't bring his family along - they're much too young.' Here the reference is to the offspring (as distinct from 'all' the family). The neighbors were very good, too. 'The Jones came, and their two children. It was nice, the whole family turning up like that.' Here the usage is more restricted than 'relatives' or 'his relatives,' but includes just both parents and offspring. 'Of course, the children will be leaving home soon. It's always sad to see the family break up like that.' Here the reference is not only to parents and children but to their co-residence, that is, to the household." Olivia Harris states this confusion is not accidental, but indicative of the familial ideology of capitalist, western countries that pass social legislation that insists members of a nuclear family should live together, and that those not so related should not live together; despite the ideological and legal pressures, a large percentage of families do not conform to the ideal nuclear family type.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「family」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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