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nappe
In geology, a nappe or thrust sheet is a large sheetlike body of rock that has been moved more than 〔Howell, J.V. (Editor) 1960: ''Glossary of geology and related sciences.'' American Geological Institute, Washington D.C., 325 p.〕 or 〔Marko, F., Jacko, S., 1999: (''Structural geology (General and systematic).'' ) ISBN 80-88896-36-3 Vydavateľstvo Harlequin, Košice, p. 81 - 93 〕〔Dennis, J. G., 1967, International tectonic dictionary. AAPG, Tulsa, p. 112〕 above a thrust fault from its original position. Nappes form in compressional tectonic settings like continental collision zones or on the overriding plate in active subduction zones. Nappes form when a mass of rock is forced (or "thrust") over another rock mass, typically on a low angle fault plane. The resulting structure may include large-scale recumbent folds, shearing along the fault plane,〔Twiss, Robert J. and Eldridge M. Moores, ''Structural Geology,'' W. H. Freeman, 1992, p. 236 ISBN 978-0716722526〕 imbricate thrust stacks, fensters and klippe.
The term stems from the French word for ''tablecloth'' in allusion to a crumpled tablecloth being pushed across a table.〔
== History ==
Nappes or nappe belts are a major feature of the European Alps, Carpathians and Balkans.〔Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Kissling, E, and Schuster, R. 2004: (''Tectonic Map and Overall Architecture of the Alpine Orogen.'' ) ''Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae'' v. 97, Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, pp. 93–117, ISSN 0012-9402〕〔Gamkrelidze, I.P. 1991: ''Tectonic nappes and horizontal layering of the Earth’s crust in the Mediterranean belt (Carpathians, Balkanides and Caucasus).'' Tectonophysics, 196, p. 385-396〕 Since the 19th century many geologists have uncovered areas with large-scale overthrusts. Some of these were substantiated with paleontological evidence. The concept was developed by M.A. Bertrand, who unraveled the complex tectonic history of the Alps and identified the feature as ''nappe de charriage''. He reinterpreted earlier studies by Escher and Heim in the Glarus Alps.〔Franks, S., Trümpy, R., 2005: ''The Sixth International Geological Congress: Zürich, 1894.'' Episodes, vol. 28, 3, p. 187-192〕 His work in Switzerland influenced A. Escher von der Linth and M. Lugeon. Several years later, nappe structure was investigated in northwestern Scotland by Ch. Lapworth. Lugeon later transferred the ideas of nappes to the Carpathians.
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