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Hope is an optimistic attitude of mind based on an expectation of positive outcomes related to events and circumstances in one's life or the world at large.〔 〕 As a verb, its definitions include: "expect with confidence" and "to cherish a desire with anticipation". Among its opposites are dejection, hopelessness and despair.〔B. Kirkpatrick ed., ''Roget's Thesaurus'' (1995) p. 852-3〕 “Hope is the thing with feathers that perches in the soul and sings the tune without the words and never stops at all.”– Emily Dickinson (1830 - 1886)〔http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/dickinson/section2.rhtml〕 ==In psychology== Dr. Barbara L. Fredrickson argues that hope comes into its own when crisis looms, opening us to new creative possibilities. Frederickson argues that with great need comes an unusually wide range of ideas, as well as such positive emotions as happiness and joy, courage, and empowerment, drawn from four different areas of one’s self: from a cognitive, psychological, social, or physical perspective. Hopeful people are "like the little engine that could, () they keep telling themselves "I think I can, I think I can". Such positive thinking bears fruit when based on a realistic sense of optimism, not on a naive "false hope".〔D. Goleman, ''Emotional Intelligence'' (1996) p. 88〕 The psychologist C.R. Snyder linked hope to the existence of a goal, combined with a determined plan for reaching that goal: Alfred Adler had similarly argued for the centrality of goal-seeking in human psychology,〔Eric Berne, ''What Do You Say After You Say Hello?'' (1974) p. 57-8〕 as too had philosophical anthropologists like Ernst Bloch.〔Peter Berger, ''A Rumour of Angels'' (1973) p. 79〕 Snyder also stressed the link between hope and mental willpower, as well as the need for realistic perception of goals,〔Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press, 1994, pg. 7-8〕 arguing that the difference between hope and optimism was that the former included practical pathways to an improved future.〔Snyder, Charles D. The Psychology of Hope: You Can Get Here from There. New York: The Free Press, 1994, pg. 19〕 D. W. Winnicott saw a child's antisocial behaviour as expressing an unconscious hope for management by the wider society, when containment within the immediate family had failed.〔D. W. Winnicott, ''The Child, the Family, and the Outside World'' (1973) p.228-9〕 Object relations theory similarly sees the analytic transference as motivated in part by an unconscious hope that past conflicts and traumas can be dealt with anew.〔P. Casement, ''Further Learning from the Patient'' (1990) p. 7〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「hope」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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