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Transference is a phenomenon characterized by unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another. One definition of transference is "the inappropriate repetition in the present of a relationship that was important in a person's childhood". Another definition is "the redirection of feelings and desires and especially of those unconsciously retained from childhood toward a new object".〔Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (8th ed. 1976).〕 Still another definition is "a reproduction of emotions relating to repressed experiences, especially of childhood, and the substitution of another person ... for the original object of the repressed impulses".〔Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language (2nd College Ed. 1970).〕 Transference ((ドイツ語:Übertragung)) was first described by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who acknowledged its importance for psychoanalysis for better understanding of the patient's feelings. == Occurrence == It is common for people to transfer feelings from their parents to their partners or children (that is, cross-generational entanglements). For instance, one could mistrust somebody who resembles an ex-spouse in manners, voice, or external appearance, or be overly compliant to someone who resembles a childhood friend. In ''The Psychology of the Transference'', Carl Jung states that within the transference dyad both participants typically experience a variety of opposites, that in love and in psychological growth, the key to success is the ability to endure the tension of the opposites without abandoning the process, and that this tension allows one to grow and to transform.〔Jung, Carl C. ''The Psychology of the Transference'', Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01752-2〕 Only in a personally or socially harmful context can transference be described as a pathological issue. A modern, social-cognitive perspective on transference explains how it can occur in everyday life. When people meet a new person who reminds them of someone else, they unconsciously infer that the new person has traits similar to the person previously known.〔Andersen, S. M. & Berk., M. (1998). The social-cognitive model of transference: Experiencing past relationships in the present. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7(4)'', 109-115.〕 This perspective has generated a wealth of research that illuminated how people tend to repeat relationship patterns from the past in the present. High-profile serial killers often transfer unresolved rage toward previous love or hate-objects onto "surrogates", or individuals resembling or otherwise calling to mind the original object of that hate. In the instance of Ted Bundy, he repeatedly killed brunette women who reminded him of a previous girlfriend with whom he had become infatuated, but who had ended the relationship, leaving Ted rejected and pathologically rageful.〔"Michaels, S. G., & Aynesworth, H. (2000). ''Ted Bundy: Conversations with a killer'', Dallas: Authorlink.〕 This notwithstanding, Bundy's behavior could be considered pathological insofar as he may have had narcissistic or antisocial personality disorder.〔Describing Ted Bundy’s Personality and Working towards DSM-V. Douglas B. Samuel and Thomas A. Widiger. Department of Psychology at the University of Kentucky.Independent Practitioner (2007), 27 (1), pp. 20–22. 〕 If so, normal transference mechanisms cannot be held causative of his homicidal behavior. Sigmund Freud held that transference plays a large role in male homosexuality. In ''The Ego and the Id'', he claimed that eroticism between males can be an outcome of a "() non-economic" hostility, which is unconsciously subverted into love and sexual attraction.〔Freud, S. (1960). ''The ego and the id''. J. Strachey (Ed.). (J. Riviere, Trans.). New York: W.W. Norton. (Original work published 1923)〕 There is, however, no empirical evidence for Freud's viewpoint, and this hypothesis of the development of homosexuality, and the belief that it can be treated or cured by psychoanalysis, is still scientifically unknown and inconclusive. Quoting from a New York Times news article: ''the case for homosexuality as purely biological in origin was still inconclusive and that the field still awaited a single coherent theory.''〔 Erica Goode, 12/12/1996, New York Times, "On Gay Issue, Psychoanalysis treats itself" URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/12/arts/on-gay-issue-psychoanalysis-treats-itself.html Accessed Oct 25,2013. 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transference is a phenomenon characterized by unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another. One definition of transference is "the inappropriate repetition in the present of a relationship that was important in a person's childhood". Another definition is "the redirection of feelings and desires and especially of those unconsciously retained from childhood toward a new object".Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (8th ed. 1976). Still another definition is "a reproduction of emotions relating to repressed experiences, especially of childhood, and the substitution of another person ... for the original object of the repressed impulses".Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language (2nd College Ed. 1970). Transference ((ドイツ語:Übertragung)) was first described by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who acknowledged its importance for psychoanalysis for better understanding of the patient's feelings.== Occurrence ==It is common for people to transfer feelings from their parents to their partners or children (that is, cross-generational entanglements). For instance, one could mistrust somebody who resembles an ex-spouse in manners, voice, or external appearance, or be overly compliant to someone who resembles a childhood friend.In ''The Psychology of the Transference'', Carl Jung states that within the transference dyad both participants typically experience a variety of opposites, that in love and in psychological growth, the key to success is the ability to endure the tension of the opposites without abandoning the process, and that this tension allows one to grow and to transform.Jung, Carl C. ''The Psychology of the Transference'', Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01752-2Only in a personally or socially harmful context can transference be described as a pathological issue. A modern, social-cognitive perspective on transference explains how it can occur in everyday life. When people meet a new person who reminds them of someone else, they unconsciously infer that the new person has traits similar to the person previously known.Andersen, S. M. & Berk., M. (1998). The social-cognitive model of transference: Experiencing past relationships in the present. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7(4)'', 109-115. This perspective has generated a wealth of research that illuminated how people tend to repeat relationship patterns from the past in the present.High-profile serial killers often transfer unresolved rage toward previous love or hate-objects onto "surrogates", or individuals resembling or otherwise calling to mind the original object of that hate. In the instance of Ted Bundy, he repeatedly killed brunette women who reminded him of a previous girlfriend with whom he had become infatuated, but who had ended the relationship, leaving Ted rejected and pathologically rageful."Michaels, S. G., & Aynesworth, H. (2000). ''Ted Bundy: Conversations with a killer'', Dallas: Authorlink. This notwithstanding, Bundy's behavior could be considered pathological insofar as he may have had narcissistic or antisocial personality disorder.Describing Ted Bundy’s Personality and Working towards DSM-V. Douglas B. Samuel and Thomas A. Widiger. Department of Psychology at the University of Kentucky.Independent Practitioner (2007), 27 (1), pp. 20–22. If so, normal transference mechanisms cannot be held causative of his homicidal behavior.Sigmund Freud held that transference plays a large role in male homosexuality. In ''The Ego and the Id'', he claimed that eroticism between males can be an outcome of a "() non-economic" hostility, which is unconsciously subverted into love and sexual attraction.Freud, S. (1960). ''The ego and the id''. J. Strachey (Ed.). (J. Riviere, Trans.). New York: W.W. Norton. (Original work published 1923) There is, however, no empirical evidence for Freud's viewpoint, and this hypothesis of the development of homosexuality, and the belief that it can be treated or cured by psychoanalysis, is still scientifically unknown and inconclusive. Quoting from a New York Times news article: ''the case for homosexuality as purely biological in origin was still inconclusive and that the field still awaited a single coherent theory.'' Erica Goode, 12/12/1996, New York Times, "On Gay Issue, Psychoanalysis treats itself" URL: http://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/12/arts/on-gay-issue-psychoanalysis-treats-itself.html Accessed Oct 25,2013. 」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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