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A was a samurai in the direct service of the Tokugawa shogunate of feudal Japan.〔Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). "Hatamoto" in ; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File ).〕 While all three of the shogunates in Japanese history had official retainers, in the two preceding ones, they were referred to as ''gokenin.'' However, in the Edo period, ''hatamoto'' were the upper vassals of the Tokugawa house,〔Ooms, p. 190.〕 and the ''gokenin'' were the lower vassals. There was no precise difference between the two in terms of income level, but hatamoto had the right to an audience with the shogun, where gokenin did not.〔Ogawa, p. 43.〕 The word ''hatamoto'' literally means "at the base of the flag" and is often translated as "bannerman". Another term for the Edo-era ''hatamoto'' was , sometimes rendered as "direct Shogunal hatamoto", which serves to illustrate the difference between them and the preceding generation of hatamoto who served various lords. ==History== The term ''hatamoto'' originated in the Sengoku period. The term was used for the direct retainers of a lord; as the name suggests, the men who were grouped "at the base of the flag". Many lords had ''hatamoto;'' however, when the Tokugawa clan achieved ascendancy in 1600, its ''hatamoto'' system was institutionalized, and it is to that system which is mainly refer to now when using the term. In the eyes of the Tokugawa Shogunate, ''hatamoto'' were retainers who had served the family from its days in Mikawa onward.〔Ogawa, p. 35.〕 However, the ranks of the ''hatamoto'' also included people from outside the hereditary ranks of the Tokugawa house. Retainer families of formerly defeated provincial strongmen like Takeda, Hōjō, or Imagawa were included, as were branch families of feudal lords.〔Ogawa, pp. 35-36.〕 Also included were heirs to lords whose domains were confiscated (for example, Asano Daigaku, the brother of Asano Naganori),〔 local power figures in remote parts of the country who never became daimyo; and the families of Kamakura Period and Muromachi Period ''Shugo'' (Governors) : some of these include the Akamatsu, Besshō (branch of the Akamatsu), Hōjō, Hatakeyama, Kanamori, Imagawa, Mogami, Nagai, Oda, Ōtomo, Takeda, Toki, Takenaka (branch of the Toki), Takigawa, Tsutsui, and Yamana families.〔Ogawa, p. 35〕 The act of becoming a hatamoto was known as . Many hatamoto fought in the Boshin War of 1868, on both sides of the conflict. The hatamoto remained retainers of the main Tokugawa clan after the fall of the Shogunate in 1868, and followed the Tokugawa to their new domain of Shizuoka. The hatamoto lost their status along with all other samurai in Japan following the abolition of the domains in 1871. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「hatamoto」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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