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Grandparents are the parents of a person's father or mother – paternal or maternal. Every sexually-reproducing creature who is not a genetic chimera has a maximum of four genetic grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents, etc., although the numbers will be lower in cases of pedigree collapse. In the history of modern humanity, around 30,000 years ago, the number of modern humans who lived to be grandparents increased exponentially. It is not known for certain what spurred this increase in longevity, but it is generally believed that a key consequence of three generations being alive together was the preservation of information which could otherwise have been lost; an example of this important information might have been where to find water in times of drought. In cases where parents are unwilling or unable to provide adequate care for their children (e.g., death of the parents), grandparents often take on the role of primary caregivers. Even when this is not the case, and particularly in traditional cultures, grandparents often have a direct and clear role in relation to the raising, care and nurture of children. Grandparents are second-degree relatives and share 25% genetic overlap. A step-grandparent can be the parent's step-parent or the step-parent's parent or the step-parent's step-parent (though technically this might be called a step-step-grandparent). The various words for grandparents at times may also be used to refer to any elderly person, especially the terms ''gramps'', ''granny'', ''grandfather'', ''grandmother'' and even more types that most families make up themselves, like "coolma" for younger step-grandparents. The youngest grandmother in the world is Rifca Stănescu, a gypsy from Romania, who at the age of 12 gave birth to her first child, a girl called Maria. Maria, in her turn, gave birth to an child at the age of 11, thus making her mother Rifca - the youngest grandmother in the world at the age of just 23 years.〔(World's youngest granny is just 23 | The Sun )〕〔(Gypsy wife becomes world's youngest grandmother... at 23 )〕〔(Woman, 23, Becomes World's Youngest Grandmother | Fox News )〕〔(O romanca de 23 de ani, cea mai tanara bunica din lume )〕 ==Titles== When used as a noun (e.g., "... a grandparent walked by"), grandfather and grandmother are usually used, although forms such as grandma/grandpa, granny/granddaddy or even nan/pop are sometimes used. When preceded by "my ..." (i.e., "... my grandpa walked by"), all forms are common (anywhere from "... my grandfather ..." to "... my Gramps ..."). All forms can be used in plural, but Gramps (plural Gramps) is rare. In writing, ''Grandfather'' and ''Grandmother'' are most common, but very rare when referring to a grandparent in person. In speech, ''Grandpa'' and ''Grandma'' are commonly used in the United States, Canada and Australia. In Britain, Ireland, United States, Australia, New Zealand and, particularly prevalent in Newfoundland and Labrador, ''Nan'', ''Nana'', ''Nanan'', ''Nannan'', ''Nanna'', ''Nada'', ''Nanny'', ''Gran'' and ''Granny'' and other variations are often used for grandmother in both writing and speech. In many parts of Pakistan and India, maternal grandparents are called ''Nana'' and ''Nani''. Similarly, paternal grandparents are called ''Dada'' and ''Dadi''. Numerous other variants exist, such as ''Gramp'', ''Gramps'', ''Grampa'', ''Grandpap'', ''Granda'', ''Grampy'', ''Granddad'', ''Granddaddy'', ''Grandpappy'', ''Pop'', ''Pap,'' and ''Pappy'' for grandfather; ''Grandmom'', ''Grandmama'', ''Granny''; ''Gran'', ''Nanny'', ''Nan'', ''Mammaw'' and ''Grammy'' for grandmother. ''Gogo'' can be used for either, etc. Given that people may have two living sets of grandparents, some confusion arises from calling two people "grandma" or "grandpa", so often two of the other terms listed above are used for one set of grandparents. Another common solution is to call grandparents by their first names ("Grandpa George", "Grandma Anne", etc.) or by their family names ("Grandpa Jones", "Grandma Smith"). In North America, many families call one set of grandparents by their ethnic names (i.e., Hispanic grandparents might be called ''abuelo'' and ''abuela'', French grandparents might be called ''papi'' and ''mamie'', Italian grandparents might be called ''nonno'' and ''nonna'', or Dutch and German grandparents might be called ''Opa'' and ''Oma''). Mandarin-speaking Chinese Americans refer to maternal grandparents as ''wài pó'' (外婆) and ''wài gōng'' (外公) and paternal grandparents as ''nǎi nǎi'' (奶奶) and ''yé yé'' (爷爷). In the Philippines, grandparents are called ''lolo'' (grandfather) and ''lola'' (grandmother), respectively. Languages and cultures with more specific kinship terminology than English may distinguish between paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents. For example in the Swedish language there is no single word for "grandmother"; the mother's mother is termed ''mormor'' and the father's mother is termed ''farmor''. However, the other Scandinavian languages, Danish and Norwegian, use words which specifies the kinship like in Swedish (identically spelled among all three languages), as well as using common terms similar to grandmother (Danish: bedstemor, Norwegian: bestemor). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「grandparent」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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