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Cuju, or Tsu' Chu,〔 is an ancient Chinese ball game, Cantonese "chuk-ko". It is a competitive game that involves kicking a ball through an opening into a net.〔 The use of hands is not allowed.〔 It is seen by FIFA as the earliest form of football for which there is evidence, being first mentioned as an exercise in a military work from 3rd–2nd century BC whilst recognising modern football codes were developed from "mob football" games that have no historical connection to cuju.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of Football - Britain, the home of Football )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bangkok Post article )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=FIFA )〕 Cuju is a competitive sport〔 which originated in China and was also played in Korea, Japan and Vietnam. The Japanese word for cuju is kemari which is still practiced in Kyoto and some other shrines in Japan.〔Ike ()〕 ==History== The first mention of cuju in a historical text is in the Warring States era ''Zhan Guo Ce'', in the section describing the state of Qi. It is also described in Sima Qian's ''Records of the Grand Historian'' (under Su Qin's biography), written during the Han Dynasty.〔Riordan (1999), 32.〕 A competitive form of cuju was used as fitness training for military cavaliers, while other forms were played for entertainment in wealthy cities like Linzi.〔 During the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220), the popularity of cuju spread from the army to the royal courts and upper classes.〔http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=840&display_order=1&mini_id=1343〕 It is said that the Han emperor Wu Di enjoyed the sport. At the same time, cuju games were standardized and rules were established. Cuju matches were often held inside the imperial palace. A type of court called ''ju chang'' was built especially for cuju matches, which had six crescent-shaped goal posts at each end. The sport was improved during the Tang Dynasty (618-907).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Star Wars tops Xmas toy list )〕 First of all, the feather-stuffed ball was replaced by an air-filled ball with a two-layered hull. Also, two different types of goal posts emerged: One was made by setting up posts with a net between them and the other consisted of just one goal post in the middle of the field. The Tang Dynasty capital of Chang'an was filled with cuju fields, in the backyards of large mansions, and some were even established in the grounds of the palaces.〔Benn, 172.〕 Soldiers who belonged to the imperial army and Gold Bird Guard often formed cuju teams for the delight of the emperor and his court.〔 The level of female cuju teams also improved. Records indicate that once a 17-year-old girl beat a team of army soldiers. Cuju even became popular amongst the scholars and intellectuals, and if a courtier lacked skill in the game, he could pardon himself by acting as a scorekeeper.〔 Cuju flourished during the Song Dynasty (960-1279) due to social and economic development, extending its popularity to every class in society. At that time, professional cuju players were quite popular, and the sport began to take on a commercial edge. Professional cuju players fell into two groups: One was trained by and performed for the royal court (unearthed copper mirrors and brush pots from the Song often depict professional performances) and the other consisted of civilians who made a living as cuju players. During this period only one goal post was set up in the center of the field. File:Bronze mirror depicting kickball.jpg|Bronze mirror dating to the Song Dynasty. File:Shuihu5.PNG|15th century Ming Dynasty depiction of cuju, from a printed book of the ''Water Margin''. File:Emperor Taizu play Cuju.jpg|Emperor Taizu of Song playing cuju with Prime Minister Zhao Pu, by the Yuan-era painter Qian Xuan (1235–1305) File:Ming-Emperor3.jpg|The Yongle Emperor (r. 1402-1424 AD) of the Ming Dynasty observing court eunuchs playing cuju. File:Kemari Matsuri at Tanzan Shrine 1.jpg|Kemari festival at Tanzan Shrine, Nara city, Nara Prefecture, Japan, photographed in 2006. File:Kemari Matsuri at Tanzan Shrine 2.jpg|Kemari at play. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「cuju」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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