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Credentialism and educational inflation
Credentialism and educational inflation refers to a number of related processes involving increased demands for formal educational qualifications, and the devaluation of these qualifications. In Western society, there has been increasing requirements for formal qualifications or certification for jobs, a process called credentialism or professionalization. This process has, in turn, led to credential inflation (also known as credential creep, academic inflation or degree inflation), the process of inflation of the minimum credentials required for a given job and the simultaneous devaluation of the value of diplomas and degrees. These trends are also associated with grade inflation, a tendency to award progressively higher academic grades for work that would have received lower grades in the past. In countries in the Middle East, where the rulers have traditionally used public sector jobs as a form of political appeasement for the middle classes, this has resulted in many youth seeking university degrees that are only suited for work in public sector roles, making them unqualified for private sector roles.〔'Making sense of Arab labor markets: the enduring legacy of dualism', Ragui Assaad, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Retrieved 19th September 2015: http://www.izajold.com/content/3/1/6〕
There are some occupations which used to require a high school diploma, such as construction supervisors, loans officers, insurance clerks and executive assistants,〔http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/catherine-rampell-the-college-degree-has-become-the-new-high-school-degree/2014/09/08/e935b68c-378a-11e4-8601-97ba88884ffd_story.html〕 that are increasingly requiring a bachelor's degree. Some jobs that formerly required candidates to have a bachelor's degree, such as becoming a Director in the federal government,〔Some positions of Director in the Canadian federal government, an entry-level Executive position, which formerly required a bachelor's degree began requiring a master's degree as the minimum credential in the 2000s〕 tutoring students, or being a history tour guide in a historic site,〔http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/education/edlife/edl-24masters-t.html〕 now require a master's degree. As well, some jobs that used to require a master's degree, such as junior scientific researcher positions and sessional lecturer jobs, now require a Ph.D. Finally, some jobs that used to require a Ph.D, such as university professor positions, are increasingly requiring a postdoctoral fellowship.
==Credentialism and professionalization==
Credentialism is a reliance on formal qualifications or certifications to determine whether someone is permitted to undertake a task, speak as an expert〔"Credentialism." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2014 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3045300482.html〕 or work in a certain field. It has also been defined as "excessive reliance on credentials, especially academic degrees, in determining hiring or promotion policies.".〔http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/credentialism〕 Credentialism has also been defined as occurring where the credentials for a job or a position are upgraded, even though there is no skill change that makes this increase necessary.〔https://www.hodder.co.uk/Books/detail.page?isbn=9781473601147〕
Professionalization is the social process by which any trade or occupation is transformed into a true "profession of the highest integrity and competence." This process tends to involve establishing acceptable qualifications, a professional body or association to oversee the conduct of members of the profession and some degree of demarcation of the qualified from unqualified amateurs. This creates "a hierarchical divide between the knowledge-authorities in the professions and a deferential citizenry."〔http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/pagre/conservatism.html ''What Is Conservatism and What Is Wrong with It?'' Philip E. Agre, August 2004〕 This demarcation is often termed "occupational closure",〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Karen Mahony & Brett Van Toen, "Mathematical Formalism as a Means of Occupational Closure in Computing—Why 'Hard' Computing Tends to Exclude Women," ''Gender and Education'', 2.3, 1990, pp. 319–31 )〕 as it means that the profession then becomes closed to entry from outsiders, amateurs and the unqualified: a stratified occupation "defined by professional demarcation and grade." The origin of this process is said to have been with guilds during the Middle Ages, when they fought for exclusive rights to practice their trades as journeymen, and to engage unpaid apprentices.〔see Benton, 1985〕
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