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''Chóngniǔ'' () or rime doublets are certain pairs of Middle Chinese syllables that are consistently distinguished in rime dictionaries and rime tables, but without a clear indication of the phonological basis of the distinction. ==Description== Rime dictionaries such as the ''Qieyun'' and ''Guangyun'' divided words by tone and then into rhyme groups. Each rhyme group was subdivided into homophone groups preceded by a small circle called a ''niǔ'' ("button"). The pronunciation of each homophone group was indicated by a ''fǎnqiè'' formula, a pair of characters having respectively the same initial and final sound as the word being described. Systematic analyses of the fanqie yield an enumeration of the initials and finals, but not their phonetic values. Rime tables such as the ''Yunjing'' further analysed the syllables distinguished by the rime dictionaries into initial consonant, "open" (''kāi'' ) or "closed" (''hé'' ), divisions (I–IV), broad rhyme class and tone. The closed distinction is generally considered to represent lip rounding, but the interpretation of the divisions is more controversial. In most cases the different homophone groups within a ''Qieyun'' rhyme group are clearly distinguished in the rime tables by having a different initial or through the open/closed distinction. However some rhyme groups contain pairs of syllables that are distinguished only by being divided between divisions III and IV. These ''chongniu'' pairs occurred only with labial, velar or laryngeal initials. The Middle Chinese notations of Li Fang-Kuei and William Baxter distinguish the division IV parts using spellings containing both "j" and "i", without any commitment to pronunciation: This distinction is generally not reflected in modern varieties of Chinese but is maintained in some Sino-Vietnamese and Sino-Korean loans. For example, each of the following pairs is separated only in one of the Sinoxenic readings, in which the division IV element of the pair is distinguished by palatalization: In the first pair, it is assumed that Vietnamese labials became dentals in a palatal environment. The nature of the distinction within Middle Chinese is disputed, with some scholars ascribing it to a medial and others to the main vowel. According to the now prominent theory of Sergei Yakhontov, the ''chongniu'' division-III syllables (together with all syllables in division II) had a medial ''-r-'' in Old Chinese. William Baxter, following earlier ideas of Edwin Pulleyblank, holds that division-III chongniu syllables had medials ''-rj-'' in Old Chinese, while their counterparts in division IV had a medial ''-j-'' before a front vowel. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「chongniu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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