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bildungsroman
In literary criticism, a ''Bildungsroman'' ((:ˈbɪldʊŋs.ʁoˌmaːn); (ドイツ語:"novel of formation / education / culture")), novel of formation, novel of education,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bildungsroman: German literary genre )〕 or coming of age story (though it may also be known as a subset of the coming-of-age story) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age), in which character change is extremely important.
==Origin==
The term was coined in 1819 by philologist Karl Morgenstern in his university lectures, and later famously reprised by Wilhelm Dilthey, who legitimated it in 1870 and popularized it in 1905. The genre is further characterized by a number of formal, topical, and thematic features. The term coming-of-age novel is sometimes used interchangeably with ''Bildungsroman'', but its use is usually wider and less technical.
The birth of the ''Bildungsroman'' is normally dated to the publication of ''Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship'' by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96. Although the ''Bildungsroman'' arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle translated Goethe’s novel into English, and after its publication in 1824, many British authors wrote novels inspired by it.〔Buckley, J. H. (1974) ''Season of Youth: the Bildungsroman from Dickens to Golding'', Harvard Univ Pr. ISBN 978-0-67479-640-9〕〔Ellis, L. (1999) ''Appearing to Diminish: Female Development and the British Bildungsroman, 1750-1850'', Bucknell University Press, London ISBN 978-0-83875-411-5〕 In the 20th century, it spread to Germany, Britain,〔Stein, M., "The Black British Bildungsroman and the Transformation of Britain: Connectedness across Difference" in Barbara Korte, Klaus Peter Müller, editors (1998) ''Unity in Diversity Revisited?: British Literature and Culture in the 1990s'', pp. 89–105, Gunter Narr Verlag, Tübingen ISBN 382-3-35192-3〕 France,〔Franco Moretti, Albert Sbragia (1987) ''The Way of the World : the Bildungsroman in European Culture'', Verso, London ISBN 978-0-86091-159-3〕〔Marianne Hirsch, ("The Novel of Formation as Genre: Between Great Expectations and Lost Illusions" ), ''Genre'' Vol. 12 (Fall 1979) pp. 293–311, University of Oklahoma 〕 and several other countries around the globe.〔Slaughter, J. R. (2006) "Novel Subjects and Enabling Fictions: the Formal Articulation of International Human Rights Law", ''Human Rights, Inc.: The World Novel, Narrative Form, and International Law'', Ch. 2 (2007) Fordham University Press, New York ISBN 978-0-82322-817-1; 〕
The genre translates fairly directly into cinematic form, the coming-of-age film.
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