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A bagel ((イディッシュ語: בײגל ''beygl''), (ポーランド語:bajgiel)), also spelled beigel,〔(Definition: Beigel ), retrieved from Dictionary.com website July 11, 2011〕 is a bread product originating in Poland, traditionally shaped by hand into the form of a ring from yeasted wheat dough, roughly hand-sized, which is first boiled for a short time in water and then baked. The result is a dense, chewy, doughy interior with a browned and sometimes crisp exterior. Bagels are often topped with seeds baked on the outer crust, with the traditional ones being poppy, sunflower or sesame seeds. Some also may have salt sprinkled on their surface, and there are also a number of different dough types, such as whole-grain or rye.〔Encyclopædia Britannica (2009) (Bagel ), retrieved February 24, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online〕〔Roden, Claudia (November 1996). "The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York" Excerpt (), retrieved April 7, 2015 from My Jewish Learning〕 Though the origins of bagels are somewhat obscure, it is known that they were widely consumed in East European Jewish communities from the 17th century. The first known mention of the bagel, in 1610, was in Jewish community ordinances in Kraków, Poland. Bagels are now a popular bread product in North America, especially in cities with a large Jewish population, many with different ways of making bagels. Like other bakery products, bagels are available (either fresh or frozen, and often in many flavor varieties) in many major supermarkets in those countries. The basic roll-with-a-hole design is hundreds of years old and has other practical advantages besides providing for a more even cooking and baking of the dough: the hole could be used to thread string or dowels through groups of bagels, allowing for easier handling and transportation and more appealing seller displays.〔Nathan, Joan (2008) (A Short History of the Bagel: From ancient Egypt to Lender's ) ''Slate'', posted Nov. 12, 2008〕〔Columbia University NYC24 New Media Workshop website (History of the Bagel: The Hole Story ), retrieved February 24, 2009.〕 == History == Contrary to some beliefs, the bagel was not created in the shape of a stirrup to commemorate the victory of Poland's King John III Sobieski over the Ottoman Turks in the Battle of Vienna in 1683. Linguist Leo Rosten wrote in "The Joys of Yiddish" about the first known mention of the Polish word ''bajgiel'' derived from the Yiddish word ''bagel'' in the "Community Regulations" of the city of Kraków in 1610, which stated that the item was given as a gift to women in childbirth.〔Filippone, Peggy Trowbridge. (Bagel History: Bagels date back to the 1600s ), About.com website, retrieved March 27, 2013.〕 In the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries, the ''bajgiel'' became a staple of the Polish national diet,〔Altschuler, Glenn C. (2008) (Three Centuries of Bagels ), a book review of:'' 'The Bagel: The Surprising History of a Modest Bread', by Balinska, Maria, Yale University Press, 2008'', Jewish Daily Press website, published on-line November 05, 2008 in the issue of November 14, 2008〕 and a staple of the Slavic diet generally.〔Zinovy Zinic,'Freelance,' in Times Literary Supplement, Nov., 18, 2011 p.16.〕 Its name derives from the Yiddish word 'beygal' from the German dialect word 'beugel,' meaning 'ring' or 'bracelet.' Variants of the word ''beugal'' are used in Yiddish and Austrian German to refer to a somewhat similar form of sweet filled pastry (''Mohnbeugel'' (with poppy seeds) and ''Nussbeugel'' (with ground nuts), or in southern German dialects (where ''beuge'' refers to a pile, e.g., ''holzbeuge'', or ''woodpile''). According to the Merriam-Webster's dictionary, 'bagel' derives from the transliteration of the Yiddish'' 'beygl','' which came from the Middle High German'' 'böugel' ''or ring, which itself came from'' 'bouc' ''(ring) in Old High German, similar to the Old English'' 'bēag' (ring), and'' 'būgan' (to bend or bow)''.〔(Merriam-Webster's Dictionary definition of 'bagel' ), Merriam-Webster Inc. online, 2009, retrieved 2009-04-24;〕 Similarly another etymology in the Webster's New World College Dictionary says that the Middle High German form was derived from the Austrian German'' 'beugel','' a kind of croissant, and was similar to the German'' 'bügel','' a stirrup or ring.〔(Webster's New World College Dictionary definition of 'bagel' ), Wiley Publishing Inc., Cleveland, 2005, retrieved 2009-04-24;〕 In the Brick Lane district and surrounding area of London, England, bagels, or as locally spelled'' "beigels", ''have been sold since the middle of the 19th century. They were often displayed in the windows of bakeries on vertical wooden dowels, up to a metre in length, on racks. Bagels were brought to the United States by immigrant Polish-Jews, with a thriving business developing in New York City that was controlled for decades by Bagel Bakers Local 338, which had contracts with nearly all bagel bakeries in and around the city for its workers, who prepared all their bagels by hand. The bagel came into more general use throughout North America in the last quarter of the 20th century, which was due at least partly to the efforts of bagel baker Harry Lender, his son, Murray Lender, and Florence Sender, who pioneered automated production and distribution of frozen bagels in the 1960s.〔Klagsburn, Francine. ("Chewing Over The Bagel’s Story" ), ''The Jewish Week'', July 8, 2009. Accessed July 15, 2009.〕 Murray also invented pre-slicing the bagel. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bagel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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