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Zarmanochegas
Zarmanochegas (Ζαρμανοχηγὰς; according to Strabo〔http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A3
*.html#ref116〕) or Zarmarus (according to Dio Cassius〔http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A3
*.html#ref116〕) was a gymnosophist (naked philosopher), a monk of the Sramana tradition (possibly, but not necessarily a Buddhist) who, according to ancient historians such as Strabo and Dio Cassius, met Nicholas of Damascus in Antioch while Augustus (died 14 CE) was ruling the Roman Empire, and shortly thereafter proceeded to Athens where he burnt himself to death.〔Strabo, xv, 1, (on the immolation of the Sramana in Athens (Paragraph 73) ).〕〔Dio Cassius, (liv, 9 ).〕
== Pandion Mission ==
Nicolaus of Damascus describes how an embassy sent by the "Indian king Porus (or Pandion, Pandya or Pandita (Buddhism)) to Caesar Augustus. The embassy was travelling with a diplomatic letter on a skin in Greek, and one of its members was a sramana who burned himself alive in Athens to demonstrate his faith. Nicholas of Damascus met the embassy at Antioch (near present day Antakya in Turkey) and this is related by Strabo (XV,1,73 ) and Dio Cassius (liv, 9). The monk's self-immolation made a sensation and was quoted by Strabo〔Strabo, xv, 1, (on the immolation of the Sramana in Athens (Paragraph 73) ).〕 and Dio Cassius (''Hist'' 54.9).〔Dio Cassius, (liv, 9 ).〕 His tomb indicated he came from Barygaza which is now Bharuch city of Gujarat, then the capital of Gaikwar near the north bank of the Narmada River; the name being derived from one of the ancient Rishis (Bhrigu) who lived there.〔JW McCrindle. Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature. Elibron Classics. Adamant Media Corp. 2005 ISBN 1-4021-6154-9 p 78 fn2 http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Hjfo-0ytFh0C&pg=PA78&lpg=PA78&dq=zarmanochegas&source=bl&ots=59GDNAecGN&sig=Zjtiv47h2iFeAQe9QsBGzs148qA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MjnRULXfMu-TiAe5m4HwCg&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=zarmanochegas&f=false (accessed 18 Dec 2012)〕 If the Sramana timed his death to match the arrival of Augustus in Athens then the date would be the winter of 22/21 BCE when Augustus crossed from Sicily to Greece to visit Athens (Dio Cassius LIV,7, 2-3).〔Huff ML. Civil Disobedience and Unrest in Augustan Athens Hesperia 1989; 58: 267-276.〕 In support of this Priaulx notes that the poet Horace alludes to an Indian mission (Carmen Seculare 55, 56 (written 17BCE), Ode 14, L.iv (13 BCE) and Ode 12, L. i (22BCE)). Priaulx also notes that later writers such as Florus (110 CE) (Hist. Rome IV C 12) and Suetonius (190 CE) (Augustus C21) refer to this Indian mission.〔Osmond de Beauvoir Priaulx. The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana and the Indian Embassies, London 1873, pp67 et seq.〕 Augustus in his Ancyra inscription notes that "to me were sent embassies of kings from India, who had never been seen in the camp of any Roman general."〔Evelyn Schuckburgh. Augustus. London 1903 Appendix 31.〕
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