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Venera-D
The Venera-D ((ロシア語:Венера-Д), ) probe is a proposed Russian space probe to Venus, to be launched around 2024. Venera-D's prime purpose is to make radar remote-sensing observations around the planet Venus in a manner similar to that of the Venera 15 and Venera 16 probes in the 1980s or the U.S. Magellan in the 1990s, but with the use of more-powerful radar. Venera-D is also intended to map future landing sites. A lander, based on the Venera design, is also planned, capable of surviving for a long duration on the planet's surface.
Venera-D will be the first Venus probe launched by the Russian Federation (the earlier Venera probes were launched by the former Soviet Union). Venera-D will serve as the flagship for a new generation of Russian-built Venus probes, culminating with a lander capable of withstanding the harsh Venerian environment for more than the 1½ hours logged by the Soviet probes. In order to keep research and development costs down, the new Venera-D probe will most likely resemble the Soviet probes, but will rely on new technologies developed by Russia since its last Venus missions (Vega 1 and Vega 2 in 1985). Venera-D will most likely be launched on the Proton booster, but may be designed to be launched on the more powerful Angara rocket instead.
==History==
In 2003, Venera-D was proposed to the Russian Academy of Sciences for its "wish list" of scientific projects to be included into the Federal Space Program in 2006–2015. During the formulation of the mission concept in 2004, the launch of Venera-D was expected in 2013 and its landing on the surface of Venus in 2014.〔(Venera-D mission at Russia Space Web ) (accessed 25 November 2013)〕 In its original conception, it had a large orbiter, sub-satellite, two balloons, two small landers, and a large, long-lived lander. By 2011, the mission had been pushed back to 2018, and scaled back to an orbiter with a subsatellite orbiter, and a single lander with an expected 3 hour lifetime.〔Ted Stryk, (Russia's Venera-D mission (DPS-EPSC 2011) ), Planetary Society, 10/05/2011 (accessed 25 November 2013)〕 By the beginning of 2011, the Venera-D project entered Phase A (Preliminary Design) stage of development. Following the loss of the Phobos-Grunt spacecraft in November 2011 and resulting delays in all Russian planetary projects, the implementation of the project was again delayed to no earlier than 2024.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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