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Anti-Turkism
Anti-Turkism, also known as Turcophobia (Turkophobia) or anti-Turkish sentiment, is the hostility, fear, intolerance or racism against the Turkish people, Turkish culture, Turkic people or Turkey itself (previously the Ottoman Empire).
Anti-Turkism or Turkophobia does not only refer to intolerance against the Turks of Turkey, but also against the Turks as whole such as Azeri Turks, Qashqai Turks, Crimean Turks, Turkmen people, Bulgarian Turks, Macedonian Turks, Turkish Cypriots, Bosnian Turks, Turks of Georgia, Turks of the Dodecanese, Kosovo Turks, Croatian Turks, and Romanian Turks.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Turk in America )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Muslim World League Journal )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=From Eastern Europe to Western China )〕 It can also refer to racism against ethnic Turks of Turkey living outside of Turkey in the Turkish diaspora.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cartographies of Diaspora )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Communication and Identity in the Diaspora )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Sociology of diaspora )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Turk in America )〕
==Early history==
The roots of Turcophobia can be traced back to the Hunnic invasions of Europe, where Huns or Turks were ruthless foreign nomadic hordes in Europe and inspired fear amongst local Europeans. The later evidence of anti-Turkism in Europe originated in 1453/54 in the form of lithurgical masses against Turks, ''missa contra Turcos'' in Latin.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Denmark and the Crusades )〕 By 1870, the anti-Turk phenomenon is defined by the term ''Turcophobia''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Journal of the Ethnological Society of London )〕 Turcophobia is traced to the fall of Constantinople and the Turkish Wars of the Late Middle Ages, viz. the attempts of Western Christianity to stem the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. By the middle of the 15th century special masses called ''missa contra turcas'' (translated as "mass against Turks") were celebrated in various places in Europe,
the message of these masses was that victory over the Turks was only possible with the help of God and that a Christian community was therefore necessary to withstand the cruelty of the Turks.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Cultural Life of the Early Polyphonic Mass )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=La Croisade )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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