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In political science, sultanism is a form of authoritarian government characterized by the extreme personal presence of the ruler in all elements of governance. The ruler may or may not be present in economic or social life, and thus there may be pluralism in these areas, but this is never true of political power. The term sultanism is derived from ''sultan'', a title used in Muslim societies for a secular sovereign or monarch, often in contrast with the religious title of caliph. In modern scholarly usage, sultanism is not limited to Muslim or Middle Eastern societies. In 1996, Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan listed the clearest examples of sultanism as: "Haiti under the Duvaliers, the Dominican Republic under Trujillo, the Central African Republic under Bokassa, the Philippines under Marcos, Romania under Ceauşescu, and North Korea under Kim Il Sung."〔Linz & Stepan, ''Modern Nondemocratic Regimes'' in ''Problems of Democratic Transition & Consolidation'', Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996〕 According to Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan: ()he essential reality in a sultanistic regime is that all individuals, groups and institutions are permanently subject to the unpredictable and despotic intervention of the sultan, and thus all pluralism is precarious〔 In sultanism, the sultan may or may not adopt a ruling ideology but is never bound by any rules or given ideology, even his own. The sultan may also use whatever forces he can to exercise his personal will, such as para-militaries or gangs. ==See also== * Monarchy * Sultanate * Despotism * Tyranny * Absolute monarchy * Dictatorship * Authoritarianism * Caliphate 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sultanism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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