翻訳と辞書 ・ Stawiguda
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・ Stawiska, Lower Silesian Voivodeship
・ Stawiska, Masovian Voivodeship
・ Stawiska, Mogilno County
・ Stawiska, Pomeranian Voivodeship
・ Stawiska, Radziejów County
・ Stawiska, Rypin County
・ Stawiska, Silesian Voivodeship
・ Stawiska, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
・ Stawiski
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・ Stawisza
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・ Stawiszyn (disambiguation)
・ Stawiszyn, Gostyń County
・ Stawiszyn, Masovian Voivodeship
・ Stawiszyn-Zwalewo
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・ Stawiszynek
・ Stawka większa niż życie
・ Stawki
・ Stawki Cieciułowskie
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Stawiski
Stawiski is a town in north-eastern Poland, situated within Kolno County, in Podlaskie Voivodeship, approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) east of Kolno and 74 km (46 mi) west of the regional capital Białystok. Stawiski is the administrative seat of Gmina Stawiski. From 1946 to 1975 it belonged administratively to Białystok Voivodeship, and from 1975 to 1998 to Łomża Voivodeship. The town is situated on the Dzierzbia River.
According to Central Statistical Office (Poland), the population of Stawiski as of 31 December 2008 was 2,417 persons.〔 〕
==History==
Stawiski was established in 1407–1411. It received city rights around 1688. The Franciscan Order built a monastery there in 1791. The monks were expelled from Stawiski in 1867 during the Partitions, as punishment for supporting the Polish January Uprising against the Russian imperial rule. The town was destroyed by fire in 1812 in the course of the French campaign against Russia, and rebuilt again, to become trades and commercial centre known for its furs, fabrics and hats in Congress Poland. Stawiski was burned to the ground once more during the Russian–Prussian war of 1915, soon before the re-establishment of the sovereign Republic of Poland. The Polish army fought a battle with the Bolsheviks there in July 1920 during the Polish-Soviet War.〔(Oficjalna strona miasta Stawiski. ) 〕 By 1932, over 50% of the local population was Jewish, numbering approximately 2,000.〔( "Historia i dzieje Stawisk," 2003, Urząd Miejski w Stawiskach ) 〕
Upon the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland in 1939, the local administration was abolished by the Soviet NKVD and replaced with Jewish communists who declared Soviet allegiance.〔 Ethnic Polish families were being rounded up by newly formed Jewish militia,〔 and deported to Siberia. Some Poles went into prolonged hiding from the enemy. The Soviet terror lingered until the Nazi Operation Barbarossa of 1941,〔Alexander B. Rossino, ( Polish "Neighbors" and German Invaders: Contextualizing Anti-Jewish Violence in the Białystok District during the Opening Weeks of Operation Barbarossa ), ''Polin'': Studies in Polish Jewry, Volume 16 (2003). ''Referenced citations:'' #58. ''The Partisan: From the Valley of Death to Mount Zion'' by Yitzhak Arad, and #59. ''The Lesser of Two Evils: Eastern European Jewry under Soviet Rule, 1939-1941'' by Dov Levin.〕 when the NKVD collaborators fled, along with the Red Army. A German Einsatzkommando unit under SS-Obersturmführer Hermann Schaper arriving in Stawiski on July 4–5, 1941, massacred 700 local Jews in nearby Płaszczatka Forest.〔Simon-Dubnow, from Institut für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur; in Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, Kai Struve ( ''Shared history, divided memory: Jews and others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939-1941''. ) Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007. ISBN 3-86583-240-7. ''See chapter:'' "Spontaneous Reactions and German Instigations" By A. Zbikowski, pp. 335 - 338 - 344 - 347. 〕〔( "Children of the Holocaust," ) ''In Search of the Heroes'', Grace, Richardson, TX〕 The execution place is marked by the memorial stone.〔( Stawiski Travel Guide. Memorial to the 700 murdered by Nazis July 1941 (with photograph). )〕 Some Poles, who emerged from their forest hideaways, including prisoners released by the Nazis from the NKVD prisons,〔 were led to acts of revenge-killing in German presence (approximately 6 suspects, around July 5–7). The Nazis created a Jewish ghetto in Stawiski, then transferred all its occupants to a much larger Ghetto in Łomża, which was annihilated in November 1942.〔( "Jewish community before 1989: Łomża – History," ) 2010, Virtual Shtetl; Museum of the History of the Polish Jews (Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich), Warsaw〕 The fate of the Jews of Stawiski was similar to what occurred in neighboring towns of Jedwabne and Radziłów. The atrocity in Jedwabne took place on July 10, 1941 and the massacre in Stawiski only a day earlier thus linking perpetrators and victims.
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