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Stamenti : ウィキペディア英語版
Stamenti
The ''Stamenti'' was the parliament of Sardinia, consisting of representatives of the three estates of the realm. The term "''stamenti''" is the plural of "''stamento''", itself an Italianisation of the old Spanish word "''estamento''", which referred to an estate of the realm. The Sardinian parliament was divided into three traditional estates: the first or ecclesiastical estate (''stamento ecclesiastico''), the second or baronial estate (''baronale'', or ''militare'') and the third or peasant estate (''demaniale'').〔("Stamento" ), ''Vocabolario on line'' (retrieved 30 May 2011).〕These were also called ''bracci'' (singular ''braccio''), meaning "arms".〔Koenigsberger, 48.〕 It had the power to authorise taxation, although its powers were executed by a commission of deputies after 1721 and it was abolished in the "perfect fusion" of the Savoyard realm in 1847, replaced by the Subalpine Senate. It would be almost a hundred years before Sardinia received an autonomous parliament again (1946).
==Aragonese era==
In 1355 Peter IV called a parliament of the Sard nobility in order to address the resistance to his rule of Judge Marianus IV of Arborea, but the greater nobles refused to attend.〔Hillgarth, 368.〕 This was nevertheless the first Sardinian parliament. One of its acts was to exclude all those of non-noble birth from entering the nobility (''heretats'').〔 Its role was formalised in the constitution promulgated by Alfonso V in 1421, after which it was convened (semi-)regularly every ten years.〔("Stamento" ), ''Enciclopedie on line'' (retrieved 30 May 2011).〕 Many members of the Sardinian parliament visited the ''Corts'' of Catalonia and were familiar with its functioning. The ''Corts'' in turn seems to have regarded Sardinia as lying within its jurisdiction, for in 1366 it petition Peter IV to revoke the law of exclusion passed in 1355. The king refused on the grounds that it was not right for laws passed by the parliament of one kingdom to be revoked by the parliament of another. This was relevant to Peter's other dispute with the Catalans, who wished to be exempted from the Sardinian customs regime. So long as Catalans were residents of the island they were subject to its parliament's laws.〔 In 1421, in imitation of the ''Corts'', the ''Stamenti'' demanded the redress of grievances before voting on taxes. Establishing the priority of the former greatly augmented a parliament's power. When the taxes were approved, the ''Stamenti'' established a committee of three, one from each estate, to oversee their collection.〔
In 1446, the ''Stamenti'', or perhaps just the baronial estate, petitioned Alfonso V for the right to assemble without royal permission. Alfonso, who probably saw no threat in it, granted the petition. The king was proved right, since the ''Stamenti'' never did assemble on their own initiative.〔Koenigsberger, 49.〕 In 1420, Alfonso convened a meeting at Bonifacio of representatives of the baronage, the church and the cities of Corsica, but this institution did not develop and Aragonese control of Corsica—together with Sardinia forming the ''regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae''—soon waned.〔Koenigsberger, 60–61.〕
Shortly after his accession, Ferdinand II had his viceroy, Ximene Pérez Scrivá, summon parliament to Oristano (November 1481), the site of a recent rebellion. The parliament was later moved to Cagliari and then Sassari. The purpose of this assembly was to raise monies—Pérez requested a permanent annual tax rate of one ducat per household—for the island's defence from the Ottoman Turks, who had captured Otranto the year before. The weakness of the Sardinian parliament was displayed in these events. Pérez was removed because of a dispute with the citizens of Cagliari, and the reinstated a short time later, after the intervening viceroy had died. The parliament did not protest, nor did it protest when Ferdinand summoned it to Spain, where it met in Seville and Córdoba in the fall of 1484. The Sardinian elite, mostly descended from Catalans, maintained strong ties with Spain. The final ''procès-verbal'' of the meeting in Seville on 27 October declared that the "decrees, provisions, commissions and other acts granted by His Majesty to the estates of said kingdom ... will remain in suspension and suspended until the grants of money of the said estates are published by His Majesty in the said kingdom of Sardinia."〔 An exaction of 150,000 ''lire'' was approved, to be collected over ten years. Had the original proposal been passed, the government would have had no need to summon the parliament again. In fact, it was summoned in 1494 when the 150,000 ''lire'' were spent. From 1497 to 1511 the ''Stamenti'' conducting business in a series of distinct sessions, making for a parliament of unprecedented length.〔Koenigsberger, 50.〕

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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