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Socrates (;〔Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter, James Hartman and Jane Setter, eds. ''Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary''. 17th edition. Cambridge UP, 2006.〕 , ''Sōkrátēs''; 470/469 – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. He is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity, though it is unclear the degree to which Socrates himself is "hidden behind his 'best disciple', Plato". Through his portrayal in Plato's dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or ''elenchus''. The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions is asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand. Plato's Socrates also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a strong foundation for much western philosophy that followed. == The Socratic problem == (詳細はextant. As a result, all first-hand information about him and his philosophies depend upon secondary sources. Furthermore, close comparison between the contents of these sources reveals contradictions, thus creating concerns about the possibility of knowing in-depth the real Socrates. This issue is known as the Socratic problem,〔Roberson, C. - (Ethics for Criminal Justice Professionals (p.24) ) CRC Press, 8 Dec 2009 ISBN 1420086723 (2015-04-16 )〕 or ''the Socratic question''.〔A. Rubel, M. Vickers. (''Fear and Loathing in Ancient Athens: Religion and Politics During the Peloponnesian War.'' ) Routledge, 11 Sep 2014. ISBN 1317544803 (2015-04-17 ).〕 To understand Socrates and his thought, one must turn primarily to the works of Plato, whose dialogues are thought the most informative source about Socrates' life and philosophy,〔 〕 and also Xenophon.〔(catalogue of Harvard University Press - Xenophon Volume IV )(2015-3-26 )〕 These writings are the ''Sokratikoi logoi'', or Socratic dialogues, which consist of reports of conversations apparently involving Socrates.〔Kahn, CH', (''Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form'' ), Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. xvii.〕〔Many other writers added to the fashion of Socratic dialogues (called ''Sőkratikoi logoi'') at the time. In addition to Plato and Xenophon, each of the following is credited by some source as having added to the genre: Aeschines of Sphettus, Antisthenes, Aristippus, Bryson, Cebes, Crito, Euclid of Megara, and Phaedo. It is unlikely Plato was the first in this field (Vlastos, p. 52).〕 As for discovering the real-life Socrates, the difficulty is that ancient sources are mostly philosophical or dramatic texts, apart from Xenophon. There are no straightforward histories, contemporary with Socrates, that dealt with his own time and place. A corollary of this is that sources that do mention Socrates do not necessarily claim to be historically accurate, and are often partisan. For instance, those who prosecuted and convicted Socrates have left no testament. Historians therefore face the challenge of reconciling the various evidence from the extant texts in order to attempt an accurate and consistent account of Socrates' life and work. The result of such an effort is not necessarily realistic, even if consistent. Amid all the disagreement resulting from differences within sources, two factors emerge from all sources pertaining to Socrates. It would seem, therefore, that he was ugly, and that Socrates had a brilliant intellect.〔(ed. first source for < ugly >)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Socrates」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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