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Shtetl
Shtetls ((イディッシュ語:שטעטל), ''shtetl'' (singular), שטעטלעך, ''shtetlekh'' (plural))〔Note: ''Shtetl'' (イディッシュ語:שטעטל) is a diminutive form of Yiddish ''shtot'' שטאָט, "town", similar to the South German diminutive "''Städtel/Städtle''", "little town".〕 were small towns with large Jewish population which existed in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust. Shtetls were mainly found in the areas which constituted the 19th century Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire, the Congress Kingdom of Poland, Galicia and Romania. In Yiddish, a larger city, like Lwów (Lviv) or Czernowice (Chernivtsi), was called a ''shtot'' (, (ドイツ語:Stadt)); a village was called a ''dorf'' ().〔.〕 Non Jews referred to the shtetl as Mestechko (Russian местечко, Polish miasteczko).〔|last=Petrovsky-Shtern|first=Yohanan |authorlink=Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern |date=2014 |title=The Golden Age Shtetl |publisher=Princeton University Press〕
==Overview==
''Shtetl'' is defined by Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern as "an East European market town in private possession of a Polish magnate, inhabited mostly but not exclusively by Jews"` and from the 1790s onward and until 1915 the ''Shtetl'' was also "subject to Russian bureacracy" 〔 (because the Russian Empire had annexed, and was administering, the area of Jewish settlement). The concept of ''shtetl'' culture describes the traditional way of life of Eastern European Jews. Shtetls are portrayed as pious communities following Orthodox Judaism, socially stable and unchanging despite outside influence or attacks.
The decline of the ''shtetl'' started from about the 1840s. A contributing factor was poverty as a result of changes in economic climate including industrialisation which hurt the traditional Jewish artisan and the movement of trade to the larger towns, fires that destroyed wooden home and over population. Also the anti-Semitism of the Russian Imperial administrators and the Polish landlords, and later, from the 1880s Russian pogroms made life difficult for Jews in the shtetl. From the 1880s until 1915 up to 2 million Jews left Eastern Europe which at the time about three quarters of its Jewish population lived in a shtetl. The Holocaust resulted in the total extermination of shtetls. It was not uncommon for the entire Jewish population of a shtetl to be rounded up and murdered in a nearby forest or taken to the various concentration camps. Some shtetl inhabitants did emigrate before and after the Holocaust, mostly to Israel and the United States, where some of the traditions were carried on. But, the shtetl as a phenomenon of Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe was eradicated by the Nazis.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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