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The Sanhedrin (Hebrew: ''sanhedrîn'', Greek: Συνέδριον,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Greek Lexicon :: G4892 (KJV) )〕 ''synedrion'', "sitting together," hence "assembly" or "council") was an assembly of twenty-three to seventy-one men appointed in every city in the Land of Israel. In the Hebrew Bible,〔(Exodus 18:21–22) (Numbers 11:16–17) (Numbers 11:24–25) (Deuteronomy 1:15–18) (Deuteronomy 17:9–12)〕 Moses and the Israelites were commanded by God to establish courts of judges who were given full authority over the people of Israel, who were commanded by God to obey every word the judges instructed and every law they established. Judges in ancient Israel were the religious leaders and Teachers of the nation of Israel. The Mishnah〔The ''Mishnah'' (Sanhedrin 1:6)〕 arrives at the number twenty-three based on an exegetical derivation: It must be possible for a "community" to vote for both conviction and exoneration〔.〕 The minimum size of a "community" is 10 men〔The Hebrew term "community" appears in ; i.e., the 10 spies who had spread a bad report about the land, thus a "community" is 10 men.〕 (10 vs 10). One more is required to achieve a majority (11 vs 10), but a simple majority cannot convict, and so an additional judge is required (12 vs 10). Finally, a court should not have an even number of judges to prevent deadlocks; thus 23 (12 vs 10 and 1). This court dealt with only religious matters. The Great Sanhedrin was made up of a ''Nasi'', who functioned as head or representing president, but was not a member of the court, an ''Av Beit Din'', the chief of the court, and sixty-nine general members (''Mufla'').〔In general usage, "The Sanhedrin" without qualifier normally refers to the Great Sanhedrin.〕 In the Second Temple period, the Great Sanhedrin met in the Hall of Hewn Stones in the Temple in Jerusalem. The court convened every day except festivals and Shabbat. In the late 3rd century, to avoid persecution, its authoritative decisions were issued under the name of ''Beit HaMidrash''. Historically, the last binding decision of the Great Sanhedrin appeared in 358 CE, when the Hebrew Calendar was adopted. The ''Sanhedrin'' was dissolved after continued persecution by the Roman Empire and aspiring Christendom. Over the centuries, there have been attempts to revive the institution, such as the Grand Sanhedrin convened by Napoleon Bonaparte and modern attempts in Israel. The ''Sanhedrin'' is mentioned in the Gospels in relation to the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus and several times in the Acts of the Apostles, including a Great Sanhedrin in chapter 5 where Gamaliel appeared, and in the stoning death of Stephen the deacon in chapter 7. ==Early Sanhedrin== The Hasmonean court in the Land of Israel, presided over by Alexander Jannaeus, king of Judea until 76 BCE, followed by his wife, was called ''Synhedrion'' or ''Sanhedrin.''〔''Wanderings: Chaim Potok's History of the Jews'', Chaim Potok, Knopf, New York, p. 191.〕 The exact nature of this early Sanhedrin is not clear. It may have been a body of sages or priests, or a political, legislative and judicial institution. Only after the destruction of the Second Temple was the Sanhedrin made up only of sages.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sanhedrin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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