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The Russulaceae are a diverse family of fungi in the order Russulales, with roughly 1,900 known species and a worldwide distribution. They comprise the brittlegills and the milk-caps, well-known mushroom-forming fungi that include some edible species. These gilled mushrooms are characterised by the brittle flesh of their fruitbodies. In addition to these typical agaricoid forms, the family contains species with fruitbodies that are laterally stiped (pleurotoid), closed (secotioid or gasteroid), or crust-like (corticioid). Molecular phylogenetics has demonstrated close affinities between species with very different fruitbody types and has discovered new, distinct lineages. An important group of root-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi in forests and shrublands around the world includes ''Lactifluus'', ''Multifurca'', ''Russula'', and ''Lactarius''. The crust-forming genera ''Boidinia'', ''Gloeopeniophorella'', and ''Pseudoxenasma'', all wood-decay fungi, have basal positions in the family. ==Systematics and taxonomy== The family Russulaceae was first validly named in 1907 by Dutch botanist Johannes Paulus Lotsy,〔 who included three genera: ''Russula'', ''Lactarius'', and ''Russulina'' (now considered a synonym of ''Russula''). He emphasised features such as the granular flesh, thick gills, spiny spores, and milky hyphae and rounded cells (sphaerocytes).〔 A prior usage of "''Russulariées''" by French mycologist Ernst Roze in 1876〔 is not considered a valid publication, since the proper Latin termination for the family rank specified in article 18.4 of the nomenclature code was not used.〔〔 Synonyms of Russulaceae include: Ernst Albert Gäumann's Lactariaceae (1926), Fernand Moreau's Asterosporaceae (1953),〔 and David Pegler and Thomas Young's Elasmomycetaceae (1979). The latter family was proposed to contain species with statismosporic (non-forcibly discharged) and symmetric spores, including the gasteroid genera ''Elasmomyces'', ''Gymnomyces'', ''Martellia'', and ''Zelleromyces''. Calonge and Martín reduced the Elasmomycetaceae to synonymy with the Russulaceae when molecular analysis confirmed the close genetic relationship between the gasteroid and agaricoid genera.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russulaceae」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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