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''Phellodon'' is a genus of tooth fungi in the family Bankeraceae. Species have small- to medium-sized fruitbodies with white spines on the underside from which spores are released. All ''Phellodon'' have a short stalk or stipe, and so the genus falls into the group known as "stipitate hydnoid fungi". The tough and leathery flesh usually has a pleasant, fragrant odor, and develops a cork-like texture when dry. Neighboring fruitbodies can fuse together, sometimes producing large mats of joined caps. ''Phellodon'' species produce a white spore print, while the individual spores are roughly spherical to ellipsoid in shape, with spiny surfaces. The genus, with about 20 described species, has a distribution that includes to Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. About half of the species are found in the southeastern United States, including three species added to the genus in 2013–14. Several ''Phellodon'' species were placed on a preliminary Red List of threatened British fungi because of a general decline of the genus in Europe. Species grow in a symbiotic mycorrhizal association with trees from the families Fagaceae (beeches and oaks) and Pinaceae (pines). Accurate DNA-based methods have been developed to determine the presence of ''Phellodon'' species in the soil, even in the extended absence of visible fruitbodies. Although ''Phellodon'' fruitbodies are considered inedible due to their fibrous flesh, the type species, ''P. niger'', is used in mushroom dyeing. ==Taxonomy== ''Phellodon'' was circumscribed in 1881 by Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten to contain white-toothed fungi. Karsten included three species: ''P. cyathiformis'', ''P. melaleucus'', and the type, ''P. niger'' (originally published with the epithet ''nigrum'').〔 ''P. nigrum'' was originally described by Elias Fries in 1815 as a species of ''Hydnum''.〔 Some early authors did not consider ''Phellodon'' distinct enough to be a separate genus, and folded species assigned to this genus into ''Hydnellum''.〔〔 ''Hydnellum'' is classified in the family Bankeraceae, which was circumscribed by Marinus Anton Donk in 1961. Donk's original family concept included the genera ''Bankera'' and ''Phellodon'', whose species produce hyaline (translucent) and echinulate spores (covered with small spines). Donk also noted that Bankeraceae species lacked clamp connections.〔 When clamp connections were discovered in ''Phellodon fibulatus'' and tuberculate spore ornamentation (the presence of small nodules on the spores) was found in ''P. niger'', Kenneth Harrison thought the family Bankeraceae was superfluous, and placed ''Phellodon'' and ''Bankera'' in the family Hydnaceae.〔 This taxonomic rearrangement was rejected by Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus in 1974, who showed that the tuberculate spores of ''P. niger'' were the result of an immature specimen.〔 Richard Baird and Saeed Khan investigated spore ornamentation in North American ''Phellodon'' species using scanning electron microscopy, and rejected the placement of ''Phellodon'' in the Bankeraceae, preferring to leave it and ''Bankera'' in the Hydnaceae.〔 Modern molecular phylogenetic analysis places ''Phellodon'' in the thelephoroid clade (roughly equivalent to the order Thelephorales) along with the related genera ''Bankera'', ''Hydnellum'', and ''Sarcodon''. Although the status of the Bankeraceae has not been fully clarified with molecular genetic techniques,〔 ''Phellodon'' is classified in this family by authorities on fungal taxonomy.〔〔〔 The generic name is derived from ''phell''-, meaning "cork", and -''don'', meaning "tooth". In North America, ''Phellodon'' species are commonly known as "cork hydnums".〔 The British Mycological Society, in their recommended list of common names for fungi in the United Kingdom, name ''Phellodon'' species in the form "descriptor word" plus "tooth": fused tooth (''P. confluens''), grey tooth (''P. melaleucus''), black tooth (''P. niger''), and woolly tooth (''P. tomentosus'').〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phellodon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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