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| authority = Cope, 1876 | type_species = ''Paronychodon lacustris'' | type_species_authority = Cope, 1876 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = * ''P. lacustris'' Cope, 1876 * ''P. caperatus'' (Marsh, 1890 (''Tripriodon'' )) }} ''Paronychodon'' (meaning "beside claw tooth") was a theropod dinosaur genus. It is a tooth taxon, often considered dubious because of the fragmentary nature of the fossils, which include "buckets" of teeth but no other remains. The type species, named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1876,〔Cope, E.D., 1876, "Descriptions of some vertebrate remains from the Fort Union Beds of Montana", ''Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'', 28: 248-261〕 is ''Paronychodon lacustris'', from the Judith River Formation of Montana, dating to 75 million years ago, during the Campanian stage. The holotype is specimen AMNH 3018. It is a tooth about one centimetre long, elongated, recurved, lacking serrations, possessing low vertical ridges and with a D-shaped cross-section, the inner side being flattened. Cope at first thought the tooth belonged to a plesiosaur,〔 but the same year realised it represented a carnivorous dinosaur.〔Cope, E.D., 1876, "On some extinct Reptiles and Batrachia from the Judith River and Fox Hills Beds of Montana", ''Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'', 28: 340-359〕 A second species, ''Paronychodon caperatus'', is known from the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota and Lance Formation of Wyoming (latest Maastrichtian stage, million years ago) and was originally referred to the mammal genus ''Tripriodon'' by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889,〔Marsh, O.C., 1889, "Discovery of Cretaceous mammalia", ''American Journal of Science, 3rd series'' 38: 81-92〕 but placed in ''Paronychodon'' by George Olshevsky in 1991.〔Olshevsky, G., 1991, ''A Revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, Excluding the Advanced Crocodylia. Mesozoic Meanderings 2'' pp 196〕 It is based on holotype YPM 10624, a tooth close in form to the holotype of ''P. lacustris'' but somewhat larger. In 1995 Olshevsky renamed ''Laelaps explanatus'' Cope 1876 into a ''Paronychodon explanatus'';〔Olshevsky, G., Ford, T.L. & Yamamoto, S., 1995, "The origin and evolution of the tyrannosaurids", ''Kyoryugaku Saizensen'' 9: 92-119/10: 75-99〕 today the taxon is seen as based on ''Saurornitholestes'' teeth. A very large number of other specimens matching these teeth in some or all aspects of their anatomy have been referred to ''Paronychodon''. Some of these included serrated teeth, low teeth and teeth without a flattened side. These teeth of the general "''Paronychodon''" type have been reported from a wide variety of times and places, including the Early Cretaceous Una Formation of Spain, dating to the late Barremian age 125 million years ago. ''Paronychodon'' has been considered a coelurid, an ornithomimosaur, a dromaeosaurid, an archaeopterygid, and a troodontid, though it could also be another kind of coelurosaurian theropod. While most researchers have therefore considered it simply represents indeterminate theropod teeth, a small consensus has found them to be Deinonychosauria. The teeth assigned to ''Paronychodon'' are all small, and may have come from various juvenile deinonychosaurs. Jaws from adult individuals bearing identical teeth have never been found. Marsh already suggested such teeth were pathological, having formed when the first teeth of the lower jaws by accident grew back-to-back to each other on the mandible suture. Philip J. Currie in 1990 also concluded to a malformation, thinking the flattened side resulted from the tooth remaining attached too long to the inner wall of the tooth-socket. Serrated specimens of the type would thus simply be deviant dromaeosaurid teeth; however, unserrated teeth might represent a separate taxon or taxa.〔Currie, P.J., Rigby, Jr., J.K., and Sloan, R.E., 1990, "Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada", pp. 107–125 in: K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), ''Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches''. Cambridge University Press, New York〕 One study, by Sunny Hwang, showed that the tooth enamel is identical to that found in ''Byronosaurus'', a troodontid known from juveniles with serration-less teeth.〔Hwang, S.H. 2005. "Phylogenetic patterns of enamel microstructure in dinosaur teeth." ''Journal of Morphology'', 266: 208-240〕 Several taxa have on occasion been considered synonyms of ''Paronychodon'', though there is little consensus. ''Paronychodon'' was in 1876 by Cope described as being similar to ''Zapsalis'', another tooth taxon, itself often considered synonymous with ''Richardoestesia'', a possible dromaeosaurid. ''Richardoestesia isosceles'' would, according to a study by Julia Sankey e.a., be synonymous with the elongated, so-called "Type A", teeth of ''Paronychodon'',〔Sankey, J.T., D.B. Brinkman, M. Guenther, and P.J. Currie, 2002, "Small theropod and bird teeth from the Judith River Group (late Campanian), Alberta", ''Journal of Paleontology'' 76(4): 751-763〕 to which also the ''Paronychodon'' holotype belongs. The Eurasian ''Euronychodon'' tooth genus is also sometimes considered a (junior) synonym of ''Paronychodon''. ==See also== * Timeline of troodontid research 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paronychodon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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