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The oprichnina ((ロシア語:опри́чнина), ) was a state policy implemented by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in Russia between 1565 and 1572. The policy included institution of secret police, mass repressions, public executions, and confiscation of land from Russian aristocrats. The six thousand political police were called oprichniki, and the term ''oprichnina'' also applies to the secret police organization,〔Oleg Gordievsky and Christopher Andrew (1999). ''KGB: The Inside Story of its intelligence operations from Lenin to Gorbachev'' (Russian language edition, Moscow, Centerpoligraph, ISBN 5-227-00437-4, page 21)〕 to the corresponding period of Russian history, and to the territory in which, during that period, the Tsar ruled directly and in which his oprichniki operated.〔Walter Leitsch. "Russo-Polish Confrontation" in Taras Hunczak, ed. "Russian Imperialism". Rutgers University Press. 1974, p.140〕 The term ''oprichnina'', which Ivan coined for this policy, derives from the Russian word ''oprich'' ((ロシア語:опричь), ''apart from'', ''except''). ==Causes== In 1558, Tsar Ivan IV started the Livonian war after the Livonian Confederation refused to pay tribute to Russia. A broad coalition, which included Poland, Lithuania and Sweden, were drawn into the war against Russia. The war became drawn-out and expensive. Raids by Crimean Tatars, Polish and Lithuanian invasions, famines, a trading blockade and escalating costs of war ravaged Russia. In 1564, Prince Andrei Kurbsky, who had defected to the Lithuanians, led the Lithuanian army against Russia, devastating the Russian region of Velikiye Luki. Tsar Ivan began to suspect that other aristocrats were also ready to betray him.〔R.Skrynnikov, ''Ivan Grosny'', M., ''Science'', 1975, pp.93-96〕 V.O. Klyuchevskii and S.B. Veselovskii explained the oprichnina in terms of Ivan’s paranoia and denied larger social aims for the oprichnina.〔Andrei Pavlov and Maureen Perrie, Ivan the Terrible (London: Pearson Education Limited, 2003), 123.〕 However, historian Sergey Platonov argued that Ivan IV intended the oprichnina as a suppression of the rising boyar aristocracy.〔S.F. Platonov, Ivan the Terrible, trans. Joseph L. Wieczynski (Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press, 1986), 101-102.〕 Professor Isabel de Madariaga has expanded this idea to explain the oprichnina as Ivan’s attempt to subordinate all independent social classes to the autocracy.〔Isabel De Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible: First Tsar of Russia (London: Yale University Press, 2005), 364-365, 368-370.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Oprichnina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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