|
Lucius Septimius Udaynath ( / ; (アラビア語:أذينة) / ; 220–267), was the founder king (Malik) of the Palmyrene Kingdom centered at the city of Palmyra, Syria. He lifted his city from the position of a regional center subordinate to Rome into the supreme power in the East. Odaenathus was born into an aristocratic Palmyrene family who had received Roman citizenship since the 190s under the Severan dynasty. He was the son of Hairan the descendant of Nasor. The circumstances surrounding his rise are ambiguous; he became the lord (Ras) of the city, a position created for him, as early as the 240s and by 258, he was styled a ''consularis'', indicating a high status in the Roman Empire. The defeat and captivity of emperor Valerian at the hands of the Persian Sassanian monarch Shapur I in 260 left the eastern Roman provinces largely at the mercy of the Persians. Odaenathus stayed on the side of Rome; assuming the title of king, he led the Palmyrene army and fell upon the Persians before they could cross the Euphrates to the eastern bank, and inflicted upon them a considerable defeat. Then, Odaenathus took the side of emperor Gallienus, the son and successor of Valerian, who was facing the usurpation of Fulvius Macrianus. The rebel declared his sons emperors, leaving one in Syria, and taking the other with him to Europe. Odaenathus attacked the remaining usurper and quelled the rebellion. He was rewarded many exceptional titles by the emperor who formalized his self-established position in the East. In reality, the emperor could have done little but to accept the declared nominal loyalty of Odaenathus. In a series of rapid and successful campaigns starting in 262, he crossed the Euphrates and recovered Carrhae and Nisibis. He then took the offensive to the heartland of Persia, and arrived at the walls of its capital Ctesiphon. The city withstood the short siege but Odaenathus reclaimed the entirety of Roman lands occupied by the Persians since the beginning of their invasions in 252. Odaenathus celebrated his victories and declared himself King of Kings crowning his son Hairan I as co-king. By 263, Odaenathus was in effective control over the Levant, Mesopotamia and Anatolia's eastern region. Odaenathus observed all due formalities towards the emperor, but in practice, ruled as an independent monarch. In 266, the king launched a second invasion against Persia but had to abandon the campaign and headed north to Bithynia to repel the attacks of Germanic riders besieging the city of Heraclea Pontica. He was assassinated in 267 during or immediately after the Anatolian campaign, together with Hairan. The identities of the perpetrator or the instigator are unknown and many stories, accusations and speculations exist in ancient sources. He was succeeded by his son Vaballathus under the regency of his widow Zenobia, who used the power established by Odaenathus to forge the Palmyrene Empire in 270. ==Name, Odaenathus I and origin== "Odaenathus" is the Roman version of the king's name who was born Lucius Septimius Udaynath c. 220 AD. "Udaynath" is the king's personal name, an Arabic name that means "little ear". "Septimius" was the family's gentilicium (surname) adopted as an expression of loyalty to the Roman Severan dynasty, whose emperor Septimius Severus granted the family Roman citizenship in the late second century. In the Temple of Bel at Palmyra, a stone block with a sepulchral inscription was found mentioning the building of a tomb and recording the genealogy of the builder: Odaenathus son of Hairan son of Wahb Allat son of Nasor. Traditional scholarship believed the builder to be an ancestor of the king and he was given the designation "Odaenathus I". In an inscription dated to 251, the name of the "Ras" (lord) of Palmyra Hairan son of Odaenathus is written, and he was thought to be the son of Odaenathus I.〔 Prior to the 1980s, the earliest known inscription attesting king Odaenathus was dated to 257, leading traditional scholarship to believe that Hairan Ras of Palmyra is the father of the king and that Odaenathus I was his grandfather.〔 However, an inscription published in 1985 by archaeologist Michael Gawlikowski and dated to 252 mention king Odaenathus as a "Ras" and record the same genealogy found in the sepulchral inscription confirming the name of king Odaenathus' grandfather as Wahb Allat.〔〔 Therefor, it is certain that king Odaenathus is the builder of the tomb ruling out the existence of "Odaenathus I".〔〔 Ras Hairan mentioned in the 251 inscription is identical with Odaenathus' elder son and co-ruler prince Hairan I.〔 The origin of the family is Aramean, while the king himself appears to be of mixed Aramean and Arab descent; his name is Arabic, while the names of his ancestors (father Hairan and great grandfather Nasor) are Aramaic.〔 Zosimus asserted that Odaenathus descended from "illustrious forebears",〔 but the position of the family in Palmyra is debated; it was probably part of the wealthy mercantile class. Alternatively, the family could have belonged to the tribal leadership who amazed a fortune as landowners and patrons of the Palmyrene caravans.〔 In Dura-Europos, a relief dated to 159 was commissioned by Hairan son of Maliko son of Nasor; this Hairan might have been the head of the Palmyrene trade colony in Dura-Europos and probably belonged to the same family of Odaenathus. "Nasor" father of Maliko mentioned in the Dura-Europos inscription could therefore be Odaenathus' great-great-great grandfather. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Odaenathus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|