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''Nafs'' (نَفْس) is an Arabic word (cognate of the Hebrew word ''nefesh'' נפש) occurring in the Qur'an and means self, psyche〔Nurdeen Deuraseh and Mansor Abu Talib (2005), "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition", ''The International Medical Journal'' 4 (2), p. 76-79〕 ego or soul. In the Quran, the word is used in both the individualistic (e.g. verse 2:48) and collective sense (verse 4:1), indicating that although humanity is united in possessing the qualities of a "soul/nafs/consciousness" they are individually responsible for exercising the agencies of their "free will" that it provides them. Much of the popular literature on ''nafs'', however, is focused on the Sufi conceptions of the term. According to the Sufi philosophies, the ''nafs'' in its unrefined state, is "the ego", which they consider to be the lowest dimension of a person's inward existence, his animal and satanic nature. ''Nafs'' is an important concept in the Islamic tradition, especially within Sufism and the discipline of gnosis (irfan) in Shia Islam. ==Quranic concept== The triliteral root ''nūn fā sīn'' (ن ف س) occurs 298 times in the Quran, in four derived forms:〔 http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=nfs〕 #once as the form V verb ''tanaffasa'' (تَنَفَّسَ) #once as the form VI verb ''yatanāfasi'' (يَتَنَافَسِ) #295 times as the noun ''nafs'' (نَفْس) #once as the form VI active participle ''mutanāfisūn'' (مُتَنَٰفِسُون) The noun ''nafs'' has important instances in the Quran such as the following: "O you who have believed, upon you is (for ) yourselves..."〔http://quran.com/5/105〕 The major theme of the word ''nafs'' as used in the Quran is to instill a sense of individual responsibility through a strong emphasis on the choices made by the individual (as in 5:105), while at the same time reminding humanity of its common origins (verse 4:1). The Quran affords much importance to the 'nafs' of an individual, highlighting the agency of 'free will' and intelligence, without which neither responsibility nor accountability can exist. The Quran does not attribute to the 'nafs/self' any inherent properties of 'good' or 'evil', but instead conveys the idea that it is something which has to be nurtured and self-regulated, so that it can progress into becoming 'good' (or conversely, 'evil') through its thoughts and actions. The Quranic conception of the 'nafs' therefore has an extremely modernistic undertone, much like Nietzsche's conception of "Übermensch" or 'Superman', as suggested by Muhammad Iqbal, a prominent Muslim scholar and philosopher, who went as far as to accuse Nietzsche of borrowing the term from Islamic thought. Iqbal stated: "It is probable that Nietzsche borrowed it (Übermensch) from the literature of Islam or of the East and degraded it by his materialism."〔>http://www.allamaiqbal.com/publications/journals/review/oct82/3.htm〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nafs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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