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In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. This learned term derives from the Latin ''cognatus'' (blood relative).〔("cognate" ), ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', 4th ed.: "Latin ''cognātus'': ''co-'', co- + ''gnātus'', born, past participle of ''nāscī'', to be born." Other definitions of the English word include "()elated by blood; having a common ancestor" and "()elated or analogous in nature, character, or function". ''Ibid.''〕 In linguistic research it is generally understood as excluding doublets and loan words, although broader definitions are used in other areas such as language teaching. ==Characteristics of cognate words== Cognates do not need to have the same meaning, which may have changed as the languages developed separately. For example, consider English ''starve'' and Dutch ''sterven'' or German ''sterben'' ("to die"); these three words all derive from the same Proto-Germanic root, '' *sterbaną'' ("die"). English ''dish'' and German ''Tisch'' ("table"), with their flat surfaces, both come from Latin ''discus'', but it would be a mistake to identify their later meanings as the same. ''Discus'' is from Greek ''δίσκος'' (from the verb ''δικεῖν'' "to throw"). A later and ''separate'' English reflex of ''discus'', probably through medieval Latin ''desca'', is ''desk'' (see OED s.v. ''desk''). Cognates also do not need to have obviously similar forms: e.g., English ''father'', French ''père'', and Armenian հայր (''hayr'') all descend directly from Proto-Indo-European '' *ph₂tḗr''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「cognate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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