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Muziris
Muziris was an ancient seaport and urban center in the Malabar Coast (modern day Indian state of Kerala) that dates from at least the 1st century BC, if not before it. Muziris has found mention in the bardic Sangam literature and a number of classical European historical sources.〔("Artefacts from the lost Port of Muziris." ) The Hindu. December 3, 2014.〕〔("Muziris, at last?" ) R. Krishnakumar, ''www.frontline.in'' Frontline, Apr. 10-23 2010.〕〔("Pattanam richest Indo-Roman site on Indian Ocean rim." ) The Hindu. May 3, 2009.〕
The port was a key to the trade between southern India and the Phoenicians, the Persians, the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Roman Empire.〔(Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. ) Ed. by Edward Balfour (1871), Second Edition. Volume 2. p. 584.〕〔"Search for India's ancient city". ''bbc.co.uk'' BBC World News, 11 June 2006. Web ()〕 The important known commodities exported from Muziris were spices (such as black pepper and malabathron), semi-precious stones (such as beryl), pearls, diamonds, sapphires, ivory, Chinese silk, Gangetic spikenard and tortoise shells. The Romans brought money (in gold coins), peridots, thin clothing, figured linens, multicoloured textiles, sulfide of antimony, copper, tin, lead, coral, raw glass, wine, realgar and orpiment.〔Steven E. Sidebotham. ''Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route'', pp 191. University of California Press 2011〕 The locations of unearthed coin-hoards suggest an inland trade link from Muziris via the Palghat Gap and along the Kaveri Valley to the east coast of India. Though the Roman trade declined from the 5th century AD, the former Muziris attracted the attention of other nationalities, particularly the Persians, the Chinese and the Arabs, presumably until the devastating floods of Periyar in the 14th century.
The exact location of Muziris is still not known to historians and archaeologists. It is generally speculated to be situated around present day Kodungallur, a town situated 18 miles north of Cochin.〔Romila Thapar. ''The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300''. pp 46, Penguin Books India, 2003〕 Kodungallur in central Kerala figures prominently in the ancient history of southern India as a vibrant urban hub of the Chera rulers.〔Krishnakumar, P. "Muziris, at last?". ''www.frontline.in'' Frontline, Apr. 10-23 2010. Web. ()〕 A series of excavations were conducted at the village of Pattanam in North Paravur by Kerala Council for Historical Research (an autonomous institution outsourced by Kerala State Department of Archaeology) in 2006-07 and it was announced that the lost port of Muziris was found.〔〔Basheer, K. P. M. ''Pattanam finds throw more light on trade''. The Hindu (). 12 June 2011. Web. ()〕〔Smitha, Ajayan. ''Traces of controversies''. Deccan Chronicle''. 20 Feb. 2013. Web. ()〕 The rapid conclusion invited criticism from historians and archaeologists and started a healthy debate among historians of south India.〔"Historian cautions on Pattanam excavations". ''The Hindu'' (). 6 February 2012. Web. ()〕〔''Archaeologist calls for excavations at Kodungalloor''. The Hindu (). 5 August 2011. Web. ()〕〔"KCHR asked to hand over Pattanam excavation". ''ibnlive.in.com'' CNN-IBN, 16 Nov. 16 2011. Web. ()〕
== Etymology ==
The derivation of the name "Muziris" is said to be from the native Tamil name to the port, "muciri". In the region, Periyar river perhaps branched into two like a cleft palate (an abnormal facial development) and thus gave it the name "Muciri." It is frequently referred to as ''Muciri'' in Sangam poems, ''Muracippattanam'' in Sanskrit epic ''Ramayana'', and as ''Muyirikkottu'' in a copper plate of an 11th-century Chera ruler.
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