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Mahogany is a kind of wood—the straight-grained, reddish-brown timber of three tropical hardwood species of the genus ''Swietenia'', indigenous to the Americas,〔Bridgewater, Samuel. (2012). ''A Natural History of Belize: Inside the Maya Forest''. Austin: University of Texas Press. Pp. 164-65. ISBN 9780292726710.〕 part of the pantropical chinaberry family, Meliaceae. The three species are: *Honduran or big-leaf mahogany (''Swietenia macrophylla''), with a range from Mexico to southern Amazonia in Brazil, the most widespread species of mahogany and the only true mahogany species commercially grown today.〔 Illegal logging of ''S. macrophylla'', and its highly destructive environmental effects,〔"Mahogany," ''Encyclopedia of Environmental Science'' (University of Rochester Press, 2000, ed. John F. Mongillo), p. 216.〕 led to the species' placement in 2003 on Appendix II of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the first time that a high-volume, high-value tree was listed on Appendix II.〔David Humphreys, ''Logjam: Deforestation and the Crisis of Global Governance'' (Routledge, 2012), p. 200.〕 *West Indian〔Simon Gardner, Pindar Sidisunthorn and Lai Ee May, 2011. Heritage Trees of Penang. Penang: Areca Books. ISBN 978-967-57190-6-6〕 or Cuban mahogany (''Swietenia mahagoni''), native to southern Florida and the Caribbean, formerly dominant in the mahogany trade, but not in widespread commercial use since World War II.〔 *''Swietenia humilis'', a small and often twisted mahogany tree limited to seasonally dry forests in Pacific Central America that is of limited commercial utility.〔 Some botanists believe that ''S. humilis'' is a mere variant of ''S. macrophylla''.〔 While the three ''Swietenia'' species are classified officially as "genuine mahogany", other Meliaceae species with timber uses are classified as "true mahogany." (Only the Swietenia species can be called "genuine mahogany.") Some may or may not have the word mahogany in their trade or common name. Some of these true mahoganies include the African genera ''Khaya'' and ''Entandrophragma'';〔 New Zealand mahogany or kohekohe (''Dysoxylum spectabile'');〔Julian Matthews, ''Trees in New Zealand'' (Lansdowne Press, 1983), p. 72; Eion Scarrow, ''New Zealand Native Trees and Shrubs'' (TVNZ, 1986), p. 16.〕 Chinese mahogany, ''Toona sinensis'';〔Christophe Wiart, ''Medicinal Plants of Asia and the Pacific'' (CRC Press, 2006), p. 203; Zhuge Ren & Clem Tisdell, ''China's Economic Growth and Transition: Macroeconomic, Environmental and Social-Regional Dimensions'' (Nova Publishers 1997, eds. C. Clement Allan Tisdell & Joseph C. H. Chai), p. 338.〕 Indonesian mahogany, ''Toona sureni'';〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GRIN Species Records of ''Toona'' )〕 Indian mahogany, ''Toona ciliata'';〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=''Toona ciliata'' Roem. )〕 Chinaberry, ''Melia azedarach''; Pink Mahogany (or Bosse), ''Guarea''; Chittagong (also known as Indian Mahogany), ''Chukrasia velutina''; and Crabwood ''Carapa guianensis''. Some members of the genus ''Shorea'' (Meranti, Balau, or Lauan) of the family Dipterocarpaceae are also sometimes sold as Philippine mahogany,〔 although the name is more properly applied to another species of Toona, ''Toona calantas''. Mahogany is a commercially important lumber prized for its beauty, durability, and color, and used for paneling and to make furniture, boats, musical instruments and other items. The leading importer of mahogany is the United States, followed by Britain;〔 while the largest exporter today is Peru, which surpassed Brazil after that country banned mahogany exports in 2001.〔Donald R. Liddick, ''Crimes Against Nature: Illegal Industries and the Global Environment'' (ABC-CLIO, 2011), p. 104.〕 It is estimated that some 80 or 90 percent of Peruvian mahogany exported to the United States is illegally harvested, with the economic cost of illegal logging in Peru placed conservatively at $US40-70 million annually.〔Nikolas Kozloff, ''Rain in the Amazon: How South America's Climate Change Affects the Entire Planet'' (Macmillan, 2010)〕〔Marcelo M. Giugale & Vicente Fretes Cibils, ''An Opportunity for a Different Peru: Prosperous, Equitable, and Governable'' (World Bank Publications, 2007), p. 378.〕 It was estimated that in 2000, some 57,000 mahogany trees were harvested to supply the U.S. furniture trade alone.〔 Mahogany is the national tree of the Dominican Republic〔Alan Cambeira, ''Quisqueya La Bella: The Dominican Republic in Historical and Cultural Perspective'' (M.E. Sharpe, 1997), p. 17.〕 and Belize.〔Victoria Day-Wilson, ''Living Abroad in Belize'' (Avalon Travel 2012), p. 14.〕 A mahogany tree with two woodcutters bearing an axe and a paddle also appears on the Belizean national coat of arms, under the national motto, ''Sub umbra floreo'', Latin for "under the shade I flourish."〔 ==Overview== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mahogany」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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