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Liburnia in ancient geography was the land of the Liburnians, a region along the northeastern Adriatic coast in Europe, in modern Croatia, whose borders shifted according to the extent of Liburnian dominance at a given time between 11th and 1st century BC. Domination of the Liburnian thalassocracy in the Adriatic Sea was confirmed by a several Antique writers,〔M. Fluss, ''Liburni'', PWRE, Suppl. Bd. V, 582〕〔M. Suić, Granice Liburnije kroz stoljeća, Radovi inst. JAZU, 2, Zadar 1955, 273〕 but the archeologists have defined a region of their material culture more precisely in northern Dalmatia, Kvarner and eastern Istria. ==Classical Liburnia== The Liburnian cultural group developed at the end of the Bronze Age after the Balkan-Pannonian migrations, and during the Iron Age in a region bordered by Raša, Zrmanja and Krka rivers (''Arsia'', ''Tedanius'', ''Titius''), including the nearby islands.〔M. Zaninović, ''Liburnia Militaris'', Filozofski fakultet Zagreb, UDK 904.930,2(497.13)>65<, page 43〕〔Š. Batović, Liburnska kultura, Matica Hrvatska i Arheološki muzej Zadar, Zadar, 2005, ISBN 953-6419-50-5, page 16〕 This territory lay mostly at the coast and on the numerous islands. Its continental borders were marked by the rivers and mountains: Raša, Učka, Gorski Kotar, peaks of Velebit mountain (''Mons Baebius''), Zrmanja and Krka, with a small area northeast of Krka bordered by Butišnica, Krka, Kosovčica and Čikola, around the city ''Promona'' (modern Tepljuh near Drniš). Thus, it neighbored in the northwest with the Histrian, in the north with the Iapodian and in the southeast with the Dalmatian cultural groups.〔Š. Batović, ''Liburnska grupa'', Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja V, page 386〕 Liburnian culture had distinct features and differed considerably from those of its neighbors. Its isolation and special qualities resulted primarily from its geographical isolation from the hinterland and its seaward orientation, important for traffic circulation and territorial connection. Maritime focus shaped Liburnian ethnic development on the Indo-European basis with the transfer of Mediterranean cultural traditions into an independent ethnic community, separated from neighboring peoples, but having evident similarities and links with the wider Illyrian and Adriatic territories.〔Š. Batović, Liburnska kultura, Matica Hrvatska i Arheološki muzej Zadar, Zadar, 2005, ISBN 953-6419-50-5, pages 5, 6, 95〕 The Liburnians' skillful seamanship allowed them to hold navigable routes along the eastern Adriatic coast with strategic points, such as the islands of Hvar and Lastovo in the central Adriatic and Corfu (8th century BC) in the Ionian Sea, while they already had colonies at the western Adriatic coast, especially in region of Picenum, from the beginning of the Iron Age. From the 9th to the 6th century there was certain koine - cultural unity in the Adriatic, with the general Liburninan seal, whose naval supremacy meant both political and economical authority in the Adriatic Sea through several centuries.〔M. Zaninović, ''Liburnia Militaris'', Opusc. Archeol. 13, 43-67 (1988), UDK 904.930.2(497.13)>>65<<, page 47〕 According to Strabo (VI, 269), the Liburnians were masters of the island ''Korkyra'' (Corfu), until 735 BC, when they left it, under pressure of Corinthian ruler Hersikrates, in a period of Corinthian expansion to South Italy, Sicily and Ionian Sea. However their position in the Adriatic Sea was still strong in the next few centuries. Historian Theopompus (377-320 BC) informed about the island groups in the Adriatic Sea: ''Apsartides'' (Cres and Lošinj), ''Elektrides'' (Krk), while all the others were the Liburnian islands - ''Liburnides'', from Zadar archipelago to ''Ladesta'' (Lastovo) in the south, including ''Paros'' (Hvar). Geographer Scymnus (4th century BC) noted that Greek island of Paros had a namesake in the Adriatic Sea, Liburnian island of ''Paros'' (Hvar); this name was later changed to ''Pharos'', according to Strabo (VII, 5). Scymnus specially noted the island group ''Mentorides'' (''Arba'' - Rab and ''Cissa'' - (Pag). Old Greek sources never noted any Liburnian settlement in the northern coasts, possibly because the ancient mariners had been using only outer island channels for navigation towards the beginning of the Amber Road in the north of Adriatic, evading inner seas which were ruled by Liburnian thallasocracy.〔M. Blečić, Prilog poznavanju antičke Tarsatike, VAMZ, 3.s., XXXIV 65-122 (2001), UDK 904:72.032 (3:497.5), page 69〕 Alexandria's librarian Apollonius of Rhodes (295 – 215 BC) yet described the islands, ''Issa'' (Vis), ''Diskelados'' (Brač) and ''Pitiea'' (Hvar) as Liburnian. But by the 1st century AD Pliny the Elder includes in the island group ''Liburnicae'' only the archipelagos in Zadar and Šibenik aquatories, ''Gissa'' (Pag), ''Sissa'' (Sestrunj), ''Scardagissa'' (Škarda), ''Lissa'' (Ugljan and Pašman), ''Colentum'' (Murter), island groups ''Celadussae'' (Dugi Otok), ''Crateae'', and several other minor ones, though their municipalities occupied islands to the north, ''Curycta'' (Krk), ''Arba'' (Rab), ''Crepsa'' (Cres), ''Apsorus'' (Lošinj). Archaeology has confirmed that the narrow region of the Liburnian ethnic nucleus was at the eastern Adriatic coast between Krka and Raša rivers, in "Classical Liburnia", especially between Krka and Zrmanja rivers, where the material remains of their culture and settlements were the most frequently distributed, while their cities were urbanized at certain degree even in pre-Roman ages. By the material remains it's obvious that they didn't settle the eastern Adriatic coast to the south-east of Krka river; their supremacy on the islands to the south of their ethnic region should not be understood necessarily as their ethnic dominion in the southern Adriatic archipelagos (Hvar, Brač, Vis, Lastovo, etc.), but rather as their organized military-naval region based on the island outposts, by which they maintained control of the navigable route to the south.〔M. Zaninović, ''Liburnia Militaris'', Opusc. Archeol. 13, 43-67 (1988), UDK 904.930.2(497.13)>>65<<, pages 44, 45〕 In the 6th century BC their domination of the Adriatic Sea coasts started to diminish. They lost their trade colonies in the Western Adriatic coast due to invasion of the Umbri and the Gauls, caused by expansion of the Etruscan union in the basin of Po river. The 5th century BC saw Greek colonization in the south Adriatic, and final Liburnian retreat to Liburnia was caused by military and political activities of Dionysius the Elder of Syracuse in the 4th century BC. Liburnia was strongly held, but Greek colonization reached Liburnian strategic possessions in the central Adriatic,'' Issa'' (on the island of Vis) and ''Pharos'' (Starigrad, Hvar), a colony of the Greeks from Paros.〔M. Zaninović, Liburnia Militaris, Filozofski fakultet Zagreb, UDK 904.930,2(497.13)>>65<<, pages 59〕 Celtic invasion from the west bypassed Liburnia in the 4th century BC, but their northern neighbors the Iapodes were under considerably more pressure. The Liburnians took the opportunity to spread their territory to the Kvarner archipelago and the eastern coast of Istria to the river Raša,〔A. Stipčević, Iliri, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 1974, page 39〕 previously held by Iapodes, thus making the Histri their new neighbors to the west. On the basis of ancient records, the Iapodes inhabited the coast between ''Albona'' (Labin) and ''Lopsica'' (Sv. Juraj, south from Senj) and island ''Curycta'' (Krk) to the end of the 4th century BC. Material remains from the Early Iron Age in that region have alternately shown Histrian provenance, not necessarily Liburnian, but often ascribed to the Liburnians from the 4th century BC to the age of Roman conquest.〔M. Blečić, Prilog poznavanju antičke Tarsatike, VAMZ, 3.s., XXXIV 65-122 (2001), UDK 904:72.032 (3:497.5), pages 70, 71〕 Although archaeology of the region has not strictly confirmed the earlier presence of Iapodian material culture〔R. Drechsler – Bižić, Japodska grupa, Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja V, page 393〕〔Š. Batović, Aleksandar Stipčević, page 178〕 the group's presence and strong influence on the region is evident.〔R. Matejčić, Predhistorijska nekropola Mišinac u Kastvu, Liburnijske teme (Opatija), 1/1974, pages 66, 68, 70〕〔Š. Batović, Liburnska grupa, PJZ, V. Djela CBI, 1987, pages 339-390〕〔Ž. Cetinić, 1989 – Grobišće/Grobnik, AP, 7957(1989), 1989, page 94〕 They surely broke to Kvarner in the 20’s of the 3rd century BC and the border between Iapodia and Liburnia was the river ''Telavius'' (Žrnovnica, Velebit channel). It’s not certain how long they ruled these coasts (some propose until the 1st century BC) and when exactly they retreated to their main historical lands.〔M. Blečić, Prilog poznavanju antičke Tarsatike, VAMZ, 3.s., XXXIV 65-122 (2001), UDK 904:72.032 (3:497.5), page 71〕 Borders of Liburnia didn’t change until its conflict with Dalmatae in 51 BC, when the Liburnians lost their city ''Promona'' (Tepljuh, Drniš) in the south and probably some lands around Krka river. By that time the Romans were already engaged in centuries long wars against Liburnian neighbors, Histri, Dalmatae and other Illyrians. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Liburnia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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