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The term ''thalassocracy'' (from Greek language (''thalassa''), meaning "sea", and (''kratein''), meaning "to rule", giving (''thalassokratia''), "rule of the sea") refers to a state with primarily maritime realms—an empire at sea, such as the Phoenician network of merchant cities. Traditional thalassocracies seldom dominate interiors, even in their home territories (for example: Phoenician Tyre, Sidon and Carthage or Srivijaya and Majapahit in Southeast Asia). One can distinguish this traditional sense of ''thalassocracy'' from an "empire", where the state's territories, though possibly linked principally or solely by the sea lanes, generally extend into mainland interiors (for example: the Bruneian Empire (1368–1888) in Asia). Compare too ' - land-based hegemony.〔 〕 The term ''thalassocracy'' can also simply refer to naval supremacy, in either military or commercial senses of the word "supremacy". Indeed, the Greeks first used the word ''thalassocracy'' to describe the government of the Minoan civilization, whose power depended on its navy.〔D. Abulafia, ‘Thalassocracies’, in P. Horden – S. Kinoshita (eds.), A Companion to Mediterranean History, Oxford, 2014, pp. 139-153, here 139-140.〕 Herodotus also spoke of the need to counter the Phoenician thalassocracy by developing a Greek "empire of the sea". ==Examples== There are many ancient examples besides those mentioned above, such as the Delian League. Aside from this example, which was an empire based primarily on naval power and control of waterways and not on any land possessions, the Middle Ages saw its fair share of thalassocracies, often land-based empires which controlled the sea. Among the most famous is the Republic of Venice, conventionally divided in the fifteenth century into the ''Dogado'' of Venice and the Lagoon, the ''Stato di Terraferma'' of Venetian holdings in northern Italy, and the ''Stato da Màr'' of the Venetian outlands bound by the sea: In 7th to 15th century Maritime Southeast Asia, the thalassocracies of Srivijaya and Majapahit controlled the sea lanes in Southeast Asia and exploited the spice trade of the Spice Islands, as well as maritime trade routes between India and China. Nearly contemporaneous, the Republic of Ragusa can be seen as a "thalassocracy", a competitor to Venice. The Dark Ages (c.500–c.1000) saw many of the coastal cities of the Mezzogiorno develop into minor thalassocracies whose chief powers lay in their ports and their ability to sail navies to defend friendly coasts and ravage enemy ones. These include the variously Greek and Lombard duchies of Gaeta, Naples, Salerno and Amalfi. Later, northern Italy developed its own trade empires based on Pisa and especially the powerful Republic of Genoa, that rivaled with Venice (these three, along with Amalfi, were to be called the ''Repubbliche marinare'', i.e. Sea Republics). It was with the modern age, the Age of Exploration, that some of the most remarkable thalassocracies emerged. Anchored in their European territories, several nations establish colonial empires held together by naval supremacy. First among them was the Portuguese Empire, followed soon by the Spanish Empire, which was challenged by the Dutch Empire, itself replaced on the high seas by the British Empire, whose landed possessions were immense and held together by the greatest navy of its time. With naval arms races (especially between Germany and Britain) and the end of colonialism and the granting of independence to these colonies, European thalassocracies, which had controlled the world's oceans for centuries, ceased to be. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「thalassocracy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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