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Lenapehoking is a term for the lands historically inhabited by the Native American people known as the Lenape (named ''Delaware'' by early European settlers) in what is now the Northeastern United States. Though it is sometimes said to be a word in the Delaware languages for this area, like much of the toponymy involving languages in the Algonquian linguistic group, there is some confusion about the meaning and history of the name. Much of this land is now heavily urbanized and suburbanized. At the time of the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th and 17th century, the Lenape homeland generally encompassed the territory adjacent to the Delaware and lower Hudson river valleys, as well the territory between them. It stretched from modern-day Delaware to western Connecticut and Long Island and included parts of eastern Pennsylvania, all of present day New Jersey, and the southern counties of New York State, including Rockland, Orange, Westchester, and Putnam Counties, Nassau County, and the five boroughs of New York City. Along with New York City, Newark, Trenton, Princeton, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Delaware, Atlantic City, and numerous other urban and suburban areas are in Lenapehoking today, as are the Jersey Shore, Pine Barrens, the Sourland Mountains, the Delaware Valley, and perhaps some parts of the Catskills, Poconos, and the Pennsylvania Dutch Country. There is no universal agreement among scholars regarding the autonym of Lenape territory. Some believe the area the Lenape inhabited was called Scheyischbi, or 'the place bordering the ocean'. According to some people, the Lenape called this territory "Lenapehoking" (''lənape haki-nk''), meaning 'in the land of the Lenape'. This assertion has gained widespread acceptance and is found widely in recent literature on the Lenape, including in the websites of purported Lenape people. Ray Whritenour, a philologist, says that the term does not appear in any sources from the 18th century, but is a modern name coined by Nora Thompson Dean (Touching Leaves Woman) in 1984, in order to provide the archaeologist/author, Herbert C. Kraft, with a convenient term for the area once inhabited by ancestors of the Lenape people. Today, some Native Americans, not limited to the Lenape or Delaware tribes, live in the Northeast Corridor or Eastern Seaboard. Many of them first arrived in the 1920s to 1960s from the Iroquois Confederacy employed as skyscraper construction workers, where they were nicknamed "Mohawks" and played an important role in building the skyline of Philadelphia and New York City. In the University City section of West Philadelphia, there has been some political activity by Urban Indian residents of the area, who adapted the namesake ''Lenapehoking'' to where they live. ==Lenape place names== Lenape place names within the region included: * Manhattan * * Manhattan is derived from ''Manna-hata'', a Dutch version of a Lenape place-name. The name ''Manhattan'' derives from the word ''Manna-hata'', as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, an officer on Henry Hudson's yacht ''Halve Maen'' (Half Moon).〔(Full Text of Robert Juet's Journal: From the collections of the New York Historical Society, Second Series, 1841 log book ), ''Newsday''. Accessed 2007-05-16.〕 A 1610 map depicts the name Manahata twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River (later named the North River, and now called the Hudson River). The word "Manhattan" has been translated as "island of many hills" from the Lenape language.〔Holloway, Marguerite. ("Urban tactics; I'll Take Mannahatta" ), ''The New York Times'', May 16, 2004, accessed 2007-04-30. "He could envision what Henry Hudson saw in 1609 as he sailed along Mannahatta, which in the Lenape dialect most likely meant ''island of many hills.〕 ''The Encyclopedia of New York City'' offers other derivations, including from the Munsee dialect of Lenape: ''manahachtanienk'' ("place of general inebriation"), ''manahatouh'' ("place where timber is procured for bows and arrows"), or ''menatay'' ("island").〔("More on the names behind the roads we ride" ), ''The Record (Bergen County)'', April 21, 2002. Accessed 2007-10-26. "The origin of ''Manhattan'' probably is from the language of the Munsee Indians, according to the Encyclopedia of New York City. It could have come from manahachtanienk, meaning ''place of general inebriation'', or manahatouh, meaning ''place where timber is procured for bows and arrows'', or menatay, meaning ''island''."〕 * * Sapokanikan - habitation site and cultivated area by the cove on the Hudson River at present day Gansevoort Street, Greenwich Village. * * Nechtanc - habitation site along the East River site of Jacob Van Corlaer's plantation at Corlaer's Hook, near the present location of the Williamsburg Bridge, in the part of the Lower East Side that is near Chinatown. * Staten Island * * Aquehonga - name for Staten Island * * Manacknong - name for Staten Island * * Shawkopoke - habitation site and cultivated area along Great Kills Harbor * Brooklyn * * Nayack or Wichquawanck - habitation in Bay Ridge near the present location of the Verrazano Narrows Bridge * * Gowanus Canal - originally named by early settlers as "Gowanes Creek" after ''Gouwane'', sachem of the local Lenape tribe called the Canarsee, who lived and farmed along the shores of the creek.〔The Gowanus Dredgers Canoe Club, "(Gowanus Canal History )", accessed May 12, 2004, revised April 2, 2004〕 * * Sassian - habitation site in present Red Hook *Queens * *Rockaway, evolved from the Lenape word "reckowacky", which apparently referred to "a sandy place."〔William Martin Beauchamp: Aboriginal place names of New York (1907); p.179 ()〕 * *Maspeth originally Mas-pet were a part of the Rockaway band that lived along Maspeth Creek.〔History of Long island from its discovery and settlement to the present time. Volume 1 By Benjamin Franklin Thompson, Charles Jolly Werner (1918)()〕 * Rockland County, New York * * Monsey - from the name of the Munsees, northern branch of the Lenapes * New Jersey * * Absecon - meaning: "place of swans"〔http://www.rootsweb.com/~njmorris/indian.htm〕 * * Assunpink Creek - meaning: "Stony Creek"〔 * * Communipaw (in downtown Jersey City) - "riverside landing place"〔 * * Hackensack - "stream flowing into another on a plain/ in a swamp/ in a lowland"〔 * * Hoboken - "where pipes are traded" * * Hohokus - "red cedars"〔 * * Hopatcong - "pipe stone" (NOT "honey waters of many coves" as early 20th-century boosters would have it)〔http://www.hopatcong.org/1d.htm〕 * * Kittatinny - "great hill" or "endless mountain" * * Mahwah - "meeting place" * * Manahawkin - "place where there is good land" * * Manalapan - municipality's name is said to have come from Lenape and is said to mean "land of good bread" * * Mantoloking - said to be either "frog ground", "sandy place" or "land of sunsets" * * Manasquan - "Man-A-Squaw-Han", meaning "stream of the island of squaws" * * Mantua - said to have come from the "Munsees", North Jersey Lenapes, but the township is in South Jersey.〔 * * Matawan - "hill on either side"〔 * * Metuchen - "dry firewood"〔 * * Minisink - "from the rocky land", is the old name for the Munsee, and the name of an ancient Lenape trade route that ran along a good part of what is now US Highway 46 in Northern New Jersey * * Musconetcong * * Netcong - Abbreviation of "Musconetcong". * * Passaic - "valley" or "river flowing through a valley"〔 * * Peapack - "place of water roots"〔 * * Raritan - original form was Naraticong - may have meant "river behind the island" or "forked river".〔 * * Scheyichbi. Meaning of name varies.〔 notes two possible meanings: the land that the Lenapes called their country, or "land of the shell money (wampum)".〔 * * Secaucus - "black snakes".〔 * * Weehawken - "place of gulls".〔 * Pennsylvania * *Aquashicola Creek - derived from the Lenape, meaning "where we fish with the bushnet."〔(The origin of certain place names in the United States ) By Henry Gannett〕 * *Cacoosing Creek- derived from the Lenape word "kukhus", meaning "owl"〔(Lenape dictionary )〕 * * Buckwampum Mountain - located in eastern Springfield Township, Bucks County, means “a round bog".〔(RESEARCH OF Donald R. Repsher, of Bath, PennsylvaniaFriend and Brother of the Lenape ) 〕 * *Catasauqua - "thirsty ground"〔http://www.delawareandlehigh.org/talesofthetowpath/lehigh-canal/catasauqua/〕 * *Catawissa - "growing fat"〔Nude Walker: A Novel By Bathsheba Monk〕 * * Chinquapin - The name is taken from a small nut-bearing tree or shrub, resembling the American Chestnut. * *Cocalico- "where the snakes collect in dens to pass the winter"〔Names which the Lenni Lennape Or Delaware Indians Gave to Rivers, Streams ... edited by William Cornelius Reichel〕 * *Cohocksink Creek - from a Lenape word for "pine lands."〔http://www.phillyh2o.org/backpages/PDFs_Misc/PeggsRun HK.pdf〕 * *Cohoquinoque Creek- derived from a Lenni-Lenape word for "the grove of long pine trees." * *Connoquenessing - “a long way straight"〔http://history.rays-place.com/pa/butler-connoquenessing.htm〕 * *Conococheague Creek - "water of many turns" * *Conshohocken - original form "Gueno-sheiki-hacking", meaning pleasant valley.〔(Who Are the Lenape? )〕 * *Hokendauqua Creek - From Lenape words: Haki, or land, and undoech-wen, or to come for some purpose, Meaning: "Searching for land" * *Kittatinny- "great mountain" * *Karakong- "clay creek" * *Lahaska - derived from "Lahaskeke" meaning “the place of much writing,”〔 * *Lackawanna - "forks of a stream" * *Lehigh County - from Lenape word "Lechauwekink" meaning "at the forks of a path or stream" * *Lycoming - "great stream"〔History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania ... edited by John Franklin Meginness〕 * *Macungie - derived from "Maguntsche", meaning "bear swamp" or "feeding place of the Bears." * *Mahoning Creek - from Lenape word: Mahonink, meaning: "at the mineral lick" referring to a place frequented by deer, elk and other animals * * Manatawny Creek - "place where we drank"〔The Centennial Celebration, 1776-1876 at Pottstown, Pa., July 4, 1876 and ... By L. H. Davis〕 * * Manayunk - "place where we go to drink"〔 * * Mauch Chunk Creek - from Lenape word: "Machk-tschunk" meaning: "at the bear mountain"〔(Lenape language LEGACY In towns creeks and more, Indian nation left its mark on our region - November 14, 2008 Joanna Poncavage Of The Morning Call )〕 * * Maxatawny - from Lenape word: "Machksit-hanne" meaning: "bear path stream"〔 * * Monocacy - from Lenape word: "Menagassi" meaning: "stream with several large bends"〔 * * Moselem - "trout stream"〔The Story of Berks County (Pennsylvania) By A. E. Wagner, Francis Wilhauer Balthaser, D. K. Hoch〕 * * Moshannon Creek - derived from "Moss-Hanne", meaning "moose stream"〔http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/blackmoshannon/〕 * * Moyamensing - place of judgment, located in the south part of Philadelphia * * Muckinipattis Creek - "deep running water"〔http://shelf3d.com/i/Lenapehoking〕 * * Neshaminy Creek - from Lenape word: "Nischam-hanne" meaning: "two streams" or "double stream"〔 * * Nesquehoning Creek - from Lenape word: Neska-honi, meaning: "black mineral lick"〔 * * Nittany - "single mountain"〔http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/nittany.html〕 * * Nockamixon Township - from Lenape word: "Nochanichsink" meaning: "where there are three houses"〔 * * Ockanickon Scout Reservation - named after a Lenape chief who assisted William Penn in the exploration of the Bucks County area.〔http://205bsashrewsburypa.org/Troop/Camps/troop_camps.html〕 * * Okehocking Historic District - an 18th-century Indian Land Grant by William Penn * * Ontelaunee - little daughter of a great mother〔The New England Magazine, Volume 37〕 * * Passyunk - a Philadelphia neighborhood and former township named for a Lenape village (compare to Passaic, New Jersey)〔http://www.philaplace.org/resources/South%20Philadelphia%20Timeline.pdf〕 * * Paxtang - "where the waters stand"〔History of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, Volume 1 By Luther Reily Kelker〕 * * Paunacussing Creek - means “where the powder was given to us.”〔 * * Pennypack Creek - "downward-flowing water" - a creek in and near Philadelphia.〔http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9NF9 Pennypack Creek Philadelphia PA〕 * * Perkasie - derived from "Poekskossing", meaning “where the hickory nuts were cracked.”〔 * * Perkiomen Creek - derived from "Pakihmomink" meaning "where the cranberries grow" - a creek in central Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.〔 * * Pocono - from Lenape word: Poco-hanne "a stream between mountains"〔 * * Poquessing Creek - “place of the mice”〔 * * Punxsutawney - "Punkwsutènay" meaning "town of the sandflies" * * Saucon Creek - from Lenape word: "Sacunk" meaning: "the mouth of a stream"〔 * * Shackamaxon - which means place of the council and is on the site of Penn Treaty Park in Philadelphia.〔http://penntreatymuseum.org/wordpress/〕 * * Skippack - from Lenape word: "Skappeu-hacki" meaning: "wet land"〔 * * Susquehanna River - from (Lenape: Siskëwahane) "mile wide, foot deep"〔http://placeandsee.com/wiki/susquehanna-(river )〕 * * Tamaqua - from Lenape word: "Tamaqua" meaning: "beaver"〔 * * Tatamy - from Lenape name: Chief Moses Tatamy who lived in the region and died in 1761 * * Tohickon Creek - “the stream over which we pass by means of a bridge of drift-wood” or simply “deer-bone--creek.”〔 * * Towamencin - a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, means "Poplar Tree" * * Towamensing- "fording place at the falls"〔 * * Tulpehocken - "land of turtles", the name of a creek and a SEPTA train station and street in Philadelphia〔http://foundationsofamerica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=750:tulpehocken-creek&catid=92:place-names&Itemid=78〕 * * Unami Creek - From Lenape word: Unami meaning "person from down river"〔 * * Wissahickon - "yellow stream" or "catfish stream" - a creek in and near Philadelphia.〔(Philadelphia, a Guide to the Nation's Birthplace By Best Books on, Federal Writers' Project )〕 * * Wyomissing - meaning "the land of flats" - a borough in Berks County Pennsylvania〔 * * Youghiogheny - "four streams" or "winding stream" 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lenapehoking」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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