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Landeshauptmann
Landeshauptmann (German for "state captain" or "state governor", plural ''Landeshauptmänner'' or ''Landeshauptleute''), female form: Landeshauptfrau, is the gubernatorial title of the head of government of an Austrian state and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino, corresponding to the title of minister-president or premier. Until 1933 the term was used in Prussia for the head of government of a province,〔Duden; Definition of Landeshauptmann, in German. ()〕 in the modern-day states of Germany the counterpart to ''Landeshauptmann'' (state governor) is here the ''Ministerpräsident'' (minister-president).
==Origins==
Since the early modern period, a ''Landeshauptmann'' originally served as a gubernator of a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire or of the Emperor himself, mainly in the territories of the Habsburg Monarchy (as for the Lands of the Bohemian Crown), later also in the Kingdom of Prussia. In the Austrian Empire, according to the 1861 February Patent, the title referred to the president of the ''Landtag'' assembly of a Habsburg crown land (called ''Landmarschall'' in Lower Austria, Bohemia, and Galicia), who also served as head of the provincial administration. The Imperial-Royal government in Vienna was represented by a ''Statthalter'' or ''Landespräsident'' governor.
With the dissolution of Austria-Hungary and the proclamation of the Republic of German-Austria in 1918, provisional state assemblies and state governments were established, headed by a ''Landeshauptmann''. The 1920 constitution of the First Austrian Republic (''Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz'') unified the office of a Federal Government representative and head of the state government. The title is today used in modern Austria as well as in South Tyrol and Trentino, autonomous provinces in Italy with strong linguistic and cultural ties to the neighbouring Austrian state of Tyrol. In the Czech Republic, a ''hejtman'' (German: ''Hauptmann'') represents each of the 13 self-governing regions (Czech ''kraj'', pl. ''kraje''). The title was also used by the German Empire for governors during the early stages of its colonial rule over South West Africa (1893–1898), Togoland (1893–1898) and German New Guinea (1886–1889, 1892–1899).
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